INTRODUCTION
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of nosocomial infections, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). The prevalence of carbapenem resistance in these bacteria has been increasing worldwide, especially in Brazil 1 . The high frequency of genetic mutations that confer antibiotic resistance to these pathogens is a major concern in hospitals worldwide. The detection of multiple antimicrobial resistance determinants in these microorganisms is increasing. The production of metallo-beta-lactamase (MβL) by P. aeruginosa strains is considered one of the most important factors conferring resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems 2 .
Several types of MβL have been identified among P. aeruginosa strains. Production of São Paulo metallo-beta-lactamase (SPM) has been associated with broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance, including carbapenem resistance, and has been identified as the predominant MβL in Brazil 1,3 . SPM-1 was first detected and reported in 2001 in São Paulo, Brazil 1 . Since then, SPM-1-producing P. aeruginosa strains have been reported in different regions of Brazil 3–4 . However, data are lacking regarding the clinical features of SPM-1-related drug resistance in the Central Western Brazilian State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Here, we report a multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa strain producing SPM-1, which was isolated from a patient hospitalized in the ICU of a teaching hospital in the City of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul. The rapid identification of multidrug resistance is essential to prevent the spread of these microorganisms in hospitals, and to establish adequate therapies against this infection 5 .
CASE REPORT
In November 2014, a 57-year-old man was admitted to the ICU of a teaching hospital in the City of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, a Central Western Brazilian state. The patient had been hospitalized for 6 days in another health facility where, owing to Fournier gangrene, he underwent a colostomy procedure and surgical debridement. The patient was admitted to our institution because of hemiplegia on the left side, which was caused by a previous stroke. He also displayed a low level of consciousness (Glasgow coma score of 6) and had a history of hypertension and diabetes. He was sedated and placed on mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy. On the day of admission, he underwent dialysis because of acute renal failure with suspicion of integument and urinary sepsis, which presented as lower limb edema and the discreet presence of debridement in the expansion region of the scrotum. He underwent procedures to introduce several invasive devices such as a central venous catheters, colostomy bag and urethral.
After 34 days of hospitalization, P. aeruginosa was isolated from urine culture samples. Intravenous treatment, which included teicoplanin (600mg) once a day and meropenem (1,000mg) twice a day, was administered for 26 days. On the 21 st and 39 th days of hospitalization, the patient experienced cardiopulmonary arrest without electrical activity or pulse; however, the medical staff managed to revive him. After 49 days of hospitalization, his condition had progressively worsened and P. aeruginosa was isolated from another urine sample. New antibiotic therapy was started with meropenem (500mg) and tigecycline (50mg) twice a day for 19 days. On the 60 th day, the patient collapsed and experienced two heart attacks that progressed to death. The cause of death was reported as cardiorespiratory arrest aggravated by sepsis.
The P. aeruginosa strains were identified using the automated microbial testing system VITEK® 2 (bioMérieux, Marcy-l′Étoile, France) and confirmed by performing matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) using a Microflex LT spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, MA, USA) 6 . The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using broth microdilution according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines 7 , except for tigecycline MICs, which were interpreted using the Food and Drug Administration guidelines 8 . P. aeruginosa showed sensitivity only to polymyxin B (MIC 500.5µg/mL), colistin (MIC 50 4µg/mL) and tigecycline (MIC 50 0.5µg/mL). Two P. aeruginosa strains isolated had the same antimicrobial resistance profile.
Preliminary screening for the presence of carbapenemases was performed using the modified Hodge test according to CLSI guidelines 7 and by ertapenem hydrolysis using MALDI-TOF MS 9 . The presence of genes encoding β-lactamase ( bla IMP-1 , bla KPC-2 , bla NDM-1 , bla VIM-1 , bla OXA-48 , bla GES-1 , and bla SPM-1) was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing using specific primers as previously described 6 . The bla SPM-1 gene was present in the multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains. The predicted protein sequence was analyzed using the Lasergene Software Package (DNASTAR, Madison, WI, USA) and compared to the sequences deposited in GenBank. The presence of bla IMP-1 , bla NDM-l , bla VIM-1 , bla OXA-48 , and bla GES-1 could not be confirmed.
Ethicals considerastions
This study was conducted with the approval of the Research Ethics Committee from the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (no. 877.292/2014) and in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, as revised in 1975, 1983, 1989, 1996, and 2000. The patient involved in the study provided written informed consent prior to participation.
DISCUSSION
The spread of carbapenemase-producing P. aeruginosa strains is alarming, because this species is a main source of hospital-acquired infections in critically ill patients, and is known for its ability to transfer drug resistance genes 2 . The dissemination of carbapenemase-producing strains is of great concern to public health services in Brazil. Several outbreaks and sporadic cases of SPM-1-producing strains, which spread rapidly, have been reported in Brazil 10–11 . However, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of SPM-1-producing P. aeruginosa strains in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Here, we report a case of a patient who died from uncontrolled infection complicated by sepsis and a urinary tract infection, which was originally caused by a multidrug-resistant SPM-1-producing P. aeruginosa strain. The patient had not traveled to any other state in which these pathogens have been previously reported. However, he was exposed to risk factors associated with acquisition of MβL-producing bacteria, such as an ICU stay, extended hospitalization, history of comorbidity and the use of invasive devices 9,11 . This patient was not colonized at admission. His clinical history showed previous hospitalizations and surgical procedures before our initial culture was collected. However, this study was not able to identify the introduction of this strain into our hospital. Phenotypic test results were concordant with the detection of carbapenemase, and PCR and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing confirmed SPM-1-producing P. aeruginosa.
The patient died after administration of two different antimicrobial therapies. The initial treatment consisted of a combination of teicoplanin and meropenem. However, this inappropriate therapy may have contributed to the worsening of his clinical condition and the evolution of sepsis. In vitro test results suggested that polymyxin B and colistin represent alternative therapies. Although these drugs may be associated with severe nephrotoxicity and there is a paucity of data on clinical outcomes, they are still used as the last therapeutic choice against P. aeruginosa infections 12 .
In this study, we confirmed the presence of SPM-1-producing P. aeruginosa in Mato Grosso do Sul, a Central Western Brazilian state. This report highlights the potential emergence of these strains, and demonstrates the need for strategies to improve infection control measures that prevent an increase in these nosocomial infections. The rapid identification of resistance profiles of carbapenemase-producing strains is crucial for timely implementation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
