INTRODUCTION
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of life-threatening infections in burn patients worldwide1,2. It has a remarkable capacity to develop resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobial agents, and consequently, is considered a multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogen3. Carbapenems are considered first-line agents to treat severe cases of P. aeruginosa infections4. In spite of this, carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) has been increasing in recent years, which is associated with high mortality, morbidity, long hospital stays, and increased costs1,5,6. One of the most common mechanisms of carbapenem resistance is production of metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs)6. MBL enzymes are also able to hydrolyze penicillin and cephalosporins7. Twelve different types of MBLs (VIM, IMP, SPM, GIM, NDM, DIM, AIM, SIM, KHM, SMB, TMB, and FIM) have been identified so far3. These genes are usually encoded by mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons, that allow them to disseminate horizontally among Gram-negative bacteria, posing a global challenge for all countries3,6. MBL-producing P. aeruginosa was originally discovered in 1991 in Japan. Since then, it has been described in different parts of the world3,5,6,8. The first MBL-positive strains of P. aeruginosa were described in an Iranian burn center in 2008 and are currently recognized as one of the crucial hospital-acquired infectious agents5. In Iranian burn centers, the prevalence of CRPA increased from 41% in 2008 to 57.4% in 20161,5. To date, there are several reports from two different Iranian burn centers on the prevalence of MBLs among CRPA5,9–12. However, most of these studies only reported local information, and no systematic study has yet been performed. The aim of this surveillance review was to assess the prevalence of MBLs among CRPA in Iranian burn centers using a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement.
METHODS
Search strategies
We carried out a literature search of Medline (via PubMed), Embase, Web of Science, and Iranian Database from January 2000 to December 2016 using the following terms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa or P. aeruginosa and Metallo-β-lactamases or MBLs and burn patients in combination with Iran. Cross-sectional or cohort studies that reported the prevalence of MBLs in burn patients were considered. The titles and abstracts for possible inclusion in the reviews were screened by two independent reviewers. Reviews were restricted to studies published in English and Persian languages and revealed the prevalence or incidence of CRPA and MBLs genes in burn patients. Eligible articles were selected based on three stages: title, abstracts, and full-text publication. Studies with the following characteristics were included: studies conducted only on burn patients and reporting the frequency of carbapenem resistance and MBLs genes, detection of MBLs genes [Verona Integron-encoded Metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM), imipenemase (IMP), São Paulo metalo-beta-lactamase (SPM), German imipenemase (GIM), New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM), Dutch imipenemase (DIM), Adelaide imipenemase (AIM), Seoul imipenemase (SIM), KHM, Serratia metallo-β-lactamase (SMB), Tripoli metallo-β-lactamase (TMB), and Florence imipenemase (FIM)], by molecular methods [polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]. Studies that had one or more of the following characteristics were excluded: studies using phenotypic methods, duplicate and overlapping studies, studies published in languages other than English or Persian, studies with other than burn patients, studies that did not report CRPA and MBLs prevalence, nonhuman studies, review articles, congress abstracts, meta-analyses, or systematic reviews as well as articles available only in abstract form.
Data extraction and definitions
The following data were extracted from each study: name of first author, year of publication, year of study, study setting, number of cases investigated, study methods, sample size, and prevalence of CRPA and MBLs genes. Furthermore, to minimize the potential bias caused by an inadequate sample size, articles with less than 50 subjects were omitted. Two reviewers independently extracted all data from included studies, and a third reviewer reviewed results. Disagreements between the reviewers were resolved by consensus.
Quality assessment of studies
Two reviewers using a checklist provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute assessed the study quality independently13.
Statistical analysis
Meta-analysis was performed by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Biostat V2.2) software. We reported the amount of residual heterogeneity using the I² statistic and Cochran’s Q statistic to test the heterogeneity between inquiries. In order to assess any possible publication bias, Begg’s rank correlation and Egger’s weighted regression methods in combination with a funnel plot were used (p < 0.05 was considered indicative of statistically significant publication bias).
RESULTS
Our literature search yielded 586 studies, and of these, 14 based on the mentioned criteria were included in the meta-analysis (Table 1). Figure 1 shows the study selection process and reasons for exclusion. Based on the 14 selected articles, the pooled prevalence of CRPA was 76.8% (95% CI 67.5-84.1). The pooled prevalence of IMP and VIM among CRPA was 13.1% (95% CI 4.7-31.5) and 21.4% (95% CI 14.6-30.1), respectively, as shown in Table 2. Heterogeneities between studies (I² = 95, p < 0.001 for CRPA; I² = 97, p < 0.001 for IMP; and I² = 91, p < 0.001 for VIM) were found, so the random effect model was used for meta-analysis. Figure 2 shows forest plots for the prevalence rate of CRPA, IMP, and VIM. As it is shown in Table 2, some evidence of publication bias was observed by Begg’s rank correlation test (p = 0.02 for CRPA), but it was not observed for IMP and VIM genes (p = 0.5 for IMP and p = 0.4 for VIM). Some evidence of publication bias was detected by Egger’s weighted regression (p = 0.004 for CRPA), but it was not detected for IMP and VIM genes (p = 0.3 for IMP and p = 0.6 for VIM). Asymmetric shapes of the funnel plots (Figure 3) show some evidence of publication bias among the evaluated papers.
TABLE 1: Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study/* | Time ofstud | Published time | Province | Samplesize | CRPA | Detection method (PCR) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IMP (n) | VIM (n) | ||||||
| Khosravi5 | 2005-2006 | 2008 | Ahwaz | 100 | 41 | 0 | 8 |
| Bahar9 | 2007-2008 | 2009 | Zanjan | 186 | 115 | 0 | 32 |
| Saderi12 | 2008 | 2010 | Tehran | 100 | 69 | 0 | 13 |
| Fazeli14 | 2008-2009 | 2010 | Isfahan | 79 | 74 | NT | 34 |
| Sepehriseresht15 | 2008-2009 | 2012 | Tehran | 483 | 272 | 33 | 51 |
| Mirsalehian10 | 2010 | 2010 | Tehran | 170 | 90 | 0 | 10 |
| Neyestanaki11 | 2011-2012 | 2014 | Tehran | 214 | 100 | 3 | 55 |
| Fallah16 | 2012 | 2013 | Tehran | 83 | 83 | 6 | 0 |
| Akhavan17 | 2013 | 2014 | Yazd | 54 | 35 | 9 | 5 |
| Lari18 | 2013 | 2015 | Tehran | 255 | 161 | 5 | 7 |
| Radan19 | 2013-2014 | 2015 | Isfahan | 150 | 144 | 107 | NT |
| Safari20 | 2014-2015 | 2016 | Isfahan | 150 | 144 | NT | 35 |
| Sadredinamin21 | 2015-2016 | 2016 | Tehran | 100 | 95 | 13 | 0 |
| Tarashi22 | 2016 | 2016 | Tehran | 309 | 278 | 30 | 52 |
CRPA: carbapenem-resistant Pseudomona aeruginosa; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; IMP: imipenemase; VIM: Verona Integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase; NT: not detected. *Author and respectve reference.
TABLE 2: Meta-analysis of CRPA and MBLs prevalence among burn patients in Iran.
| Subgroup | Study (n) | Prevalence | n/N | Heterogeneity test, I2 | Heterogeneity test, P-value | Begg’s test | Egger’s test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRPA* | 14 | 76.8 (67.5-84.1) | 1,701/2,450 | 95 | < .001 | 0.02 | 0.004 |
| IMP | 8 | 13.1 (4.7-31.5) | 206/1,168 | 97 | < .001 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
| VIM | 11 | 21.4 (14.6-30.1) | 302/1,379 | 91 | < .001 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
CRPA: carbapenem-resistant Pseudomona aeruginosa; MBLs: metallo-β-lactamases; IMP: imipenemase; VIM:Verona Integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase; n: number of events (CRPA, IMP, and VIM); N: total number of Pseudomona aeruginosa isolated from burn patients.
FIGURE 2: Forest plot of the studies included in this meta-analysis. (A) The prevalence of CRPA in burn patients. (B) and (C) The prevalence of IMP and VIM genes among CRPA, respectively. CRPA: carbapenem-resistant Pseudomona aeruginosa; IMP: imipenemase; VIM: Verona Integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase.
FIGURE 3: Funnel plot of publication bias for the included studies. (A) The prevalence of CRPA in burn patients. (B) and (C) The prevalence of IMP and VIM genes among CRPA, respectively. Asymmetric shape of funnel plots suggests bias in this meta-analysis. CRPA: carbapenem-resistant Pseudomona aeruginosa; IMP: imipenemase; VIM: Verona Integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase.
DISCUSSION
To our knowledge, the current study was the first comprehensive systematic review addressing the prevalence of CRPA and MBLs genes in burn units in Iran. Based on the meta-analysis results, the pooled prevalence of CRPA, IMP, and VIM genes in burn patients was 76.8% (95% CI 67.5-84.1), 13.1% (95% CI 4.7-31.5), and 21.4% (95% CI 14.6-30.1), respectively5,9–12,14–22. Our analyses showed that the IMP and VIM genes were more prevalent in Iranian burn centers and remaining MBLs types have not yet been found. Our findings are similar to previous reports by other authors23–25. According to the analysis, it seems that the prevalence of CRPA and MBLs genes in Iranian burn units is higher than in industrialized countries, such as Norway and Sweden26. Several factors may explain this situation. First, most countries in Europe have an effective program of prevention and control of nosocomial infections27. While in developing countries, such as Iran, the hospital infection control committee may exist on paper, in practice, they barely exist28. Unfortunately, in Iran, infection control teams are inexperienced, inadequate, not well trained, and a clinical microbiologist is not included29. Hand hygiene is one of the simplest, most effective, and highly recommended infection control measures, but compliance with it is quite poor among Iranian healthcare workers30,31. Heavy workload (patient overcrowding), limited infrastructures, inadequate healthcare worker to patient ratios, behavioral aspects, skin irritation by hand hygiene products, and lack of salary are the major reasons for noncompliance30. Second, wards with a high bed occupancy rate are a major cause of poor attention to infection control protocols in Iranian burn units29,30. Third, lack of isolation rooms is another common problem in Iranian burn hospitals; thereby, patients infected with MBL-producing P. aeruginosa mingle with other patients in multi-bed rooms30. Fourth, the use of personal protective equipment (PPEs) such as gowns, gloves, and mask is a simple method for infection controls29. In low-income countries, such as Iran, the use of PPEs is restricted owing to inadequate resources. In contrast, in the Netherlands, all hospitals are equipped with appropriate PPEs29. Fifth, in developing countries, such as Iran, inappropriate use of antibiotic and empiric therapies because of the lack of a good microbiological laboratory capacity is prevalent. Consequently, the emergence of resistant bacteria, such as CRPA, is accelerating in Iranian burn centers30. Unfortunately, in Iranian burn hospitals, routine detection of MBL production in P. aeruginosa is not performed. Therefore, we suggest that it is essential for carbapenem-resistant isolates to be screened for MBLs. Finally, lack of systems to monitor antibiotics prescribed by physicians and lack of a national stewardship have remained as a major challenge in Iranian burn units32. The present review had some limitations. First, the studies could not fully indicate the prevalence of MBLs among burn patients in Iran because the magnitude of MBLs infections was not yet determined in different areas of the country. Second, only published articles were considered in the present meta-analysis; hence, as in any other meta-analysis, the potential for publication bias should be considered. Third, heterogeneity was observed among the included studies. In conclusion, the prevalence of MBLs and CRPA was high in Iranian burn centers. Thereby, reducing antibiotic overuse, adherence to hand hygiene, early detection of MBLs producer isolates, education and training in antibiotic prescribing, environmental cleaning, contact precautions, and active surveillance are recommended strategies for prevention and spread of these strains.
