Otaviano da Silva JúniorI,II; Paula Mayumi MaedaIII; Maria Cândida Calzada BorgesIV; Celso Salgado de MeloII; Dalmo CorreiaV
IPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical e Infectologia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG IIServiço de Estimulação Cardíaca Artificial, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG IIICurso de Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG IVDisciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG VDisciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The septal position is an alternative site for cardiac pacing (CP) that is potentially less harmful to cardiac function.
METHODS: Patients with Chagas disease without heart failure submitted to permanent pacemaker (PP) implantation at the Clinics Hospital of the Triângulo Mineiro Federal University (UFTM), were selected from February 2009 to February 2010. The parameters analyzed were ventricular remodeling, the degree of electromechanical dyssynchrony (DEM), exercise time and VO2 max during exercise testing (ET) and functional class (NYHA). Echocardiography was performed 24 to 48h following implantation and after one year follow-up. The patients were submitted to ET one month postprocedure and at the end of one year.
RESULTS: Thirty patients were included. Patient mean age was 59±13 years-old. Indication for PP implantation was complete atrioventricular (AV) block in 22 (73.3%) patients and 2nd degree AV block in the other eight (26.7%). All patients were in NYHA I and no changes occurred in the ET parameters. No variations were detected in echocardiographic remodeling measurements. Intraventricular dyssynchrony was observed in 46.6% of cases and interventricular dyssynchrony in 33.3% of patients after one year.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this work suggest that there is not significant morphological and functional cardiac change following pacemaker implantation in septal position in chagasic patients with normal left ventricular function after one year follow-up. Thus, patients may remain asymptomatic, presenting maintenance of functional capacity and no left ventricular remodeling.
Keywords: Pacemaker. Chagas disease. Septal stimulation. Left ventricular function.
RESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO:A posição septal representa um sítio alternativo de estimulação cardíaca artificial (ECA) potencialmente menos deletério para a função cardíaca.
M ÉTODOS: Pacientes chagásicos sem insuficiência cardíaca submetidos a implante de marcapasso definitivo (MP) no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) foram selecionados no período de fevereiro de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010. Os parâmetros analisados foram o remodelamento ventricular, o grau de dessincronia eletromecânica (DEM), tempo de exercício e VO2 máximo no teste ergométrico (TE) e a classe funcional (NYHA). O ecocardiograma foi realizado 24 a 48h após o implante e após um ano de seguimento. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao TE um mês após o procedimento e ao final de um ano.
RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 30 pacientes. A idade média foi de 59±13 anos. A indicação do implante de MP foi bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) total em 22 (73,3%) pacientes e BAV do 2º grau nos outros
8 (26,7%). Todos os pacientes permaneceram em NYHA I e não houve mudança nos parâmetros do TE. Não foram detectadas variações nas medidas ecocardiográficas de remodelamento. Foi observada DEM intraventricular em 46,6% dos casos e interventricular em 33,3% dos pacientes ao final de um ano.
CONCLUSÕES: Os achados deste trabalho sugerem que não houve mudanças morfológicas ou funcionais cardíacas significativas após o implante de marcapasso na posição septal em pacientes chagásicos com função ventricular esquerda normal após um ano de seguimento. Desta forma, os pacientes podem permanecer assintomáticos, com a manutenção da capacidade funcional e sem remodelamento ventricular esquerdo.
Palavras-chaves: Marcapasso cardíaco. Doença de Chagas. Estimulação septal. Função ventricular esquerda.
INTRODUCTION
Chagas disease has afflicted humans for at least 9,000 years and has been endemic for 200 to 300 years, even though the first official description only occurred in 19091,2. Despite the enormous effort dedicated to controlling its transmission and treatment, the disease still represents one of the most serious medical-social problems of Latin America3,4.
Chagasic cardiomyopathy is one of the most serious complications of the disease and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Considering the pathophysiology of Chagas disease, compromise of the cardiac stimulant complex is a common finding and an evolutionary marker of worse prognosis5.
The most severe and potentially fatal lesions of the conduction system are 2nd degree atrioventricular (AV) block and third degree AV block (complete AV block). These forms of bradyarrhythmia are usually accompanied by symptoms of low cerebral or cardiac output and are frequently associated with a very low heart rate and risk of sudden death6,7. Complete AV block is undoubtedly an unfavorable factor if left untreated, with a survival of a few weeks to a maximum of four years following diagnosis, as previously reported6,8,9. The control of bradyarrhythmias by cardiac pacing represents a significant advance in improving the prognosis of patients with Chagas disease8.
In Latin America and particularly in Brazil, bradyarrhythmias resulting from the involvement of the conduction system in chagasic myocardiopathy are one of the principal indications for permanent pacemaker implantation, since the first procedure performed in 196010-12.
Current estimates suggest 4 to 6 million people are affected by Chagas disease in Brazil13,14. This etiology is of one the main indications for permanent pacemaker implantation in some regions, such as the Triangulo Mineiro region in Minas Gerais and the State of Goiás15-17. A similar situation is observed in other Latin American countries like Bolivia, where it has been reported that 60% of patients submitted to permanent pacemaker implants have Chagas disease18.
Since the beginning of endocardial pacing in 1958 and for more than four decades, the region of the right ventricle (RV) apex has been used to position the electrode, for ease of access and lower complications rates19,20. However, the stimulation site alters the physiological sequence of cardiac electrical activation and can be associated with harmful effects.
A narrow QRS complex is essential for cardiac output and its extension promotes impairment of ventricular function21. Conventional cardiac pacing with an electrode implanted on the RV apex causes important QRS enlargement accompanied by mechanical dyssyncronization of the left ventricular walls22.
Since the 1980s, evidence of the harmful effects of RV apical pacing related to the long-term effects on cardiac structure and function has been reported23-26. High levels of stimulation in the ventricular channel may lead to undesirable left ventricular remodeling, with consequent increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients presenting systolic dysfunction27.
In the last 12 years, several studies have been conducted in order to seek alternative sites to implant the electrode in RV endocardial pacing. The region of the bundle of His (para-His), the right ventricle outflow tract (RVOT) and the septal region (septal) have all been evaluated28,29. In Brazil, Jatene and Korman30 described a technique of implantation in the region of the RV inflow tract as an alternate site in Chagas disease, due to the cardiac structural changes observed at the RV apex in these patients.
Septal stimulation represents a simple alternative, with no extra cost and potential advantages over other sites, since the QRS complex obtained in this position is more physiologically normal in relation to electrical axis and length31-34. Nonetheless, most studies involve a small patient sample with no randomization and the criteria used to define the stimulation site can result in the evaluation of heterogeneous groups. Similarly, different methods have been used to evaluate the functional consequences of cardiac pacing and none of the study designs published so far reported research on patients with Chagas disease29.
Thus, despite demonstrations of the harmful effects of RV apical pacing and the potential benefits of alternative sites, conflicting results exist in the literature and the place of choice for implanting the right ventricular electrode has yet to be defined35. Moreover, the impact of alternative sites for endocardial pacing has not been prospectively evaluated in Chagas cardiomyopathy.
The present study aimed to prospectively evaluate the cardiac morphological and functional evolution following permanent pacemaker implantation in right ventricular septal position in chagasic patients without heart failure. This evaluation was done through clinical follow-up, physical capacity evaluation using the exercise treadmill test and quantification of echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular remodeling and mechanical dyssynchrony.
METHODS
Patients with Chagas disease submitted to permanent pacemaker implantation in the Cardiac Pacing Service of the Clinics Hospital of the Triângulo Mineiro Federal University (CH-UFTM), with the right ventricular electrode placed in the septal position, under a regime of free demand, from February 2009 to February 2010 and who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study.
The inclusion criteria were: age between 18 and 75 years-old, positive serology for Chagas disease, patients with classic indications for implantation of a dual chamber pacemaker with high probability of right ventricular pacing (2nd degree AV block or complete AV block).The exclusion criteria were: presence of heart failure or systolic dysfunction (left ventricle ejection fraction – LVEF < 55%); another significant structural heart disease (valvular heart disease associated with heart disease, ischemic cardiomyopathy, hypertensive cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy) and conditions associated with cardiac pacing (stimulation index of ventricular channel < 90%, development of chronic or persistent atrial fibrillation).
The pacemaker system was composed of active fixation electrodes topped on the tip by steroids and generators equipped with sensor frequency response.
The right ventricular septal position was obtained with the aid of radiological anatomy through the technique described by Liebermann et al.36 and supplemented by Kaye et al.37 (Figures 1A and 1B). Three radiological incidents were used: postero anterior (PA), 10º right anterior oblique (RAO), and 40º left anterior oblique (LAO) fluoroscopic.
The patients were submitted to echocardiography (ECHO) within the first 24h to 48h of pacemaker implantation and after one year follow-up. The parameters of left ventricular remodeling were analyzed: left ventricle end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD); end-systolic volume (ESV) and ejection fraction (LVEF) using the Simpson’s rule method.
Mechanical dyssynchrony was assessed using the following variables: M mode (septal-to-posterior wall motion delay- SPWMD) and pulsed Doppler (left ventricular pre-ejection time – LVET; calculation of the difference between LVET and right ventricular pre-ejection time -RVET).
The exercise test (ET) was performed one month after the procedure and at the end of one year follow-up. The quantified variables were exercise duration and estimated maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max).
For statistical analysis, parametric test (Student t test) was used according to the normal distribution in the Shapiro-Wilk test and Levene’s homogeneity test. Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The level of significance to consider as relevant associations was p < 0.05 and confidence interval of 0.95.
The software used was the Statistica version 9.0 (StatsoftÒ, USA).
Ethical considerations
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the UFTM under protocol no. 1325.
RESULTS
Thirty patients were included, 18 (60%) males and 12 (40%) females, with a mean age of 59±13 years-old. The indication for pacemaker implantation was complete AV block in 22 (73.3%) patients and 2nd degree AV block in the other 8 (26.7%) patients.
The average duration of the QRS complex was 107±13ms in the preimplantation period and 134.2±12ms after a year of PP (p < 0.01), representing a significant broadening due to pacing (Figura 2A). All the patients presented high stimulation levels in the ventricular channel throughout the monitoring period. The indices of ventricular pace was 98±2% (24-48h post implant) and 97±3% in the final evaluation after a year (p=0,84) (Figura 2B).
All patients were classified as functional class I (NYHA) 24-48h post implant and remained so after one year of follow-up. Likewise, no signs or symptoms of heart failure and no hospitalizations were reported related to this syndrome.
Regarding the ET parameters, the functional capacity of all patients was normal, with a mean VO2 max of 30.14±3mL/kg/min one month following implantation and 29.83±3mL/kg/min at the end of one year (p=0.71). Exercise duration in the modified Bruce protocol was 12.51±2 min in the first assessment and 13.37±2 min after one year (p=0.83) (Table 1).
No significant changes were observed in measurements indicative of ventricular remodeling (LVEDD, ESV and LVEF) after one year of cardiac pacing. Intraventricular dyssynchrony (LVET >140ms) was detected in 43.3% of patients 24-48h post implant and in 46.6% of cases after one year (p=0.81) and interventricular dyssynchrony (LVET-RVET >30ms) in 30% of patients 24-48h pos implant and 33.3% of cases in the final measure (p=0.77). There was not difference between the degree of dyssynchrony comparing post implant and after one year measures (Table 2).
DISCUSSION
For nearly 40 years since the advent of cardiac pacing, the right ventricular apex has been considered the preferred site for ventricular electrode implantation in conventional pacemakers. The assessment of damage caused by iatrogenic left bundle branch block produced by right ventricle unifocal pacing in cardiac pacemakers is a relatively recent concern35, 38-42. The main harmful effects are as follows: increased iatrogenic intraventricular conduction delay; left ventricular electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony; left ventricular remodeling; myocardial histopathological changes; left ventricular dysfunction (systolic and diastolic); congestive heart failure; myocardial perfusion defects and changes in segmental mobility; functional mitral regurgitation; increased risk of atrial fibrillation, sinus node dysfunction and normal baseline QRS; left atrial enlargement; ventricular arrhythmias; and activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Despite evidence from experimental and clinical studies, the harmful effects associated with right ventricle unifocal pacing depend on the interaction between factors specific to each patient, including basic atrial rhythm, atrioventricular and intraventricular intrinsic cardiomyopathy and LVET at baseline. Besides these, certain conditions are directly related to pacing, such as the stimulation site, the programming mode, paced QRS complex duration and the percentage and duration of pacing in the ventricular channel42.
Since the 1990s, alternatives to the RV apex position have been studied, based on the search for a more physiologically normal depolarization due to unifocal pacing43,44. However important limitations can be observed in the literature in relation to the small number of patients evaluated, lack of randomization in some reports, difficulty in standardizing the definition of criteria for alternative sites and different methods of assessing the impact on cardiac function45.
The electrocardiographic and radiological criteria used for septal implants are not as accurate, resulting in a heterogeneous group of different stimulation sites45. To make matters even more complicated, the narrowing of the QRS complex in the septal position compared to the RV apex, does not correspond to the improvement in clinical, functional and echocardiographic parameters in patient follow-up in some studies46,47.
Despite all the advances in cardiac electrotherapy over the last 50 years, right ventricle pacing is still not capable of substituting natural activation time through the specialized fibers of the His-Purkinje system. This limitation can be detrimental to cardiac function, particularly in patients with systolic dysfunction, and justifies the intensive search for strategies to minimize this harmful effect.
The number of Chagas disease patients submitted to pacemaker implants and replacement still represents a significant subgroup. Despite subestimated data, almost 25% of all devices used in Brazil over the past 15 years are associated with Chagas disease19, including 62% of the implants currently performed by the Cardiac Pacing Service of the CH-UFTM17.
Research concerning less harmful forms of cardiac pacing that do not contribute to the onset of and worsening heart failure or increased mortality is of paramount importance. So far, no evidence is available regarding the site of choice for right ventricular pacing in patients with Chagas disease.
Harmful effects of cardiac pacing have been reported, particularly in patients with systolic dysfunction. Hearts presenting no significant structural alterations and with preserved systolic function may be able to offset the negative impact of mechanical dyssynchrony48,49.
Analysis of the results obtained in this study reveal that septal stimulation in Chagas disease patients without heart failure show an increase in the duration of the QRS complex and association with intraventricular dyssynchrony in 46.6% of cases; moreover, interventricular dyssynchrony was detected in 33.3% of patients after one year of pacing. Despite these changes, no significant structural or functional effect was detected during the study period, such that the patients remained in functional class I, presented very similar exercise duration and VO2 max values in the ET and no echocardiographic variations consistent with left ventricular remodeling were quantified.
The findings of this study as refered to the presence of dyssynchrony and the degree of repercussion on the cardiac structure and function can be compared to other etiologies and using the apical pacing site. Similarly, despite the presence of left ventricular dyssynchrony, there was no appearance of left ventricular remodeling or worsening of physical capacity during follow-up in patients without heart failure48-50.
A study at the Heart Institute of São Paulo (INCOR-SP) in 2009 showed that after 8.4 ±6.4 years of apical pacing the left ventricle (LV) dyssynchrony was detected in 25 (69.9 %) of 39 patients. However, no significant correlation between this variable and ventricular function or other clinical and echocardiographic characteristics was found49.
Similar results were observed by Oliveira et al.50 studying patients with congenital third-degree atrioventricular block with normal systolic function, underwent chronic apical pacing. Echocardiographic parameters indicative of dyssynchrony were detected in 31 (57.4%) of 54 patients after 11.5 ± 7.2 years following pacemaker implantation. However, there wasn’t significant correlation between the presence of dyssynchrony and left ventricular dysfunction.
The only description of the functional assessment of septal stimulation site in a similar population sample to the present study was carried out by Sa et al.48. In this study was not detected left ventricular dyssynchrony in eight months of monitoring. The septal stimulation was used in 75% of patients in the apical position and 25% of the remaining. The chagasic etiology was observed in 12 patients (75% of the sample). The low indices of dyssynchrony observed by these authors in comparison with other studies may be related to preferential use of the septal position.
However, despite the similar stimulated QRS duration (134ms), the present study couldn’t reproduce the same results concerned the absence of dyssinchrony. One explanation for this difference is the limitation of validation criteria of the septal position. The confirmation of septal position depends on two-dimensional anatomic radiological criteria that can cause slight variations. There is the possibility of fixing the electrode in the central portion of the septum or in the transition to the free or anterior wall of the right ventricle. This variation can lead to further stimulation of the conduction system, generating QRS complexes wider and greater dyssynchrony or modify the sequence of cardiac activation. Anyway, a sample enlargement and increase in follow up to confirmation the results are need.
With regard to clinical findings, the results as observed by Sa et al.48 were similar of the present study. Despite the non-use of questionnaires on quality of life, this study showed that patients remained assyntomatic, kepping the functional class I (NYHA).
On the other hand, no significant changes were observed in functional capacity measured by exercise test in our sample. But, there was worsening in 6min walk test in the study conducted by the gropu of Goiânia48. These results are consider conflicting, in view the equivalence between this two cited methods for assessment of aerobic capacity in patients with pacemakers51. It is a question that remains to be clarified and a long-term monitoring, as well as an sample increasing would contribut to settle this issue.
Limitations of the study
This study was conducted at a single center, involved a limited number of patients. It is necessary to confirm the findings in other services as well as studying a representative sample of the population of chagasic patients submitted to conventional pacemaker implantation.
Echocardiographic evaluation was not performed before pacemaker implantation so that prior electromechanical dyssynchrony associated with Chagas disease could not be determinated.
It’s not possible to exclude the degenerative etiology (fibrosis of the conduction system) as an associated cause of the atrioventricular block in elderly patients (age > 65 years) with positive serology for Chagas disease.
The follow up of patients is relatively short and it is possible that cardiac structural changes with repercussions on the physical capacity may arise after a period of one year.
In conclusions, the findings of this work suggest that there is was not significant morphological and functional cardiac change following pacemaker implantation in right ventricular septal position in chagasic patients with normal ventricular function after one year follow-up. Thus, despite the widening of the QRS complex and the presence of electromechanical dyssynchrony, patients may remain asymptomatic, presenting unaltered functional capacity and no left ventricular remodeling. Nonetheless, a larger sample population and increased follow-up time are required to confirm these findings.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FAPEMIG CDS-APQ-02657-2010. Prof. Dalmo Correia is a recipient of fellowship productivity from of the CNPq.
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50. Costa R, Leão MIP, Mori RF, Silva KR, Santos FA, Silva RT, et al. Dessincronia ventricular eletromecânica em pacientes com bloqueio atrioventricular adquirido submetidos a estimulação crônica do ventrículo direito. Arq Bras Cardiol 2009; 93 (supll I):96. [ Links ]
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Address to:
Dr. Otaviano da Silva Júnior
Rua Constituição 730, Bairro Abadia
38025-110 Uberaba, MG, Brasil
Phone: 55 34 3332-9133
e-mail: osilvajr@hotmail.com
Received in 21/11/2011
Accepted in 30/03/2012
