Fabíola Maria Marques do Couto; Daniele Patrícia Cerqueira Macedo; Rejane Pereira Neves
Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Fungemia corresponds to the isolation of fungi in the bloodstream and occurs mostly in immunosuppressed patients. The early diagnosis and treatment of these infections are relevant given the serious threat to the affected patients and possible spread to other organs, often becoming fatal. The growing number of fungemia associated with poor prognosis resulted in this research aiming to diagnose and assess the epidemiological aspects of hematogenous infections by fungi.
METHODS: The study included 58 blood samples collected within a 1-year period, from patients at the Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco, by venipuncture in vacuum tubes. Blood samples were processed for direct examination and culture and identification, conducted by observing the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, as well as physiological characteristics when necessary.
RESULTS: Eight (13.8%) episodes of fungemia were identified, accounting for the total sample, and these pathogens were Candida, Histoplasma, Trichosporon, Cryptococcus, and a dematiaceous fungus. C. albicans was the prevalent species, accounting for 37.5% of the cases. Most affected patients were adult males. There was no predominance for any activity, and the risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was the underlying pathology most often cited.
CONCLUSIONS: The isolation of fungi considered as emergent species, such as C. membranifaciens and dematiaceous species, highlights the importance of epidemiological monitoring of cases of fungemia in immunocompromised patients, as the therapy of choice depends on the knowledge of the aethiological agent.
Keywords: Epidemiology. Fungemia. University hospital.
RESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: Fungemia corresponde ao isolamento de fungos na corrente sanguínea e ocorre, sobretudo, em pacientes imunossuprimidos. O diagnóstico e tratamento precoce destas infecções são relevantes diante da grave ameaça aos pacientes acometidos e possível disseminação via hematogênica para outros órgãos, tornando-se muitas vezes fatal. O crescente número de casos de fungemia associados ao mau prognóstico resultou na realização desta pesquisa que teve por objetivo diagnosticar e avaliar aspectos epidemiológicos das infecções hematogênicas por fungos.
MÉTODOS: O estudo incluiu 58 amostras de sangue coletadas, durante um ano, de pacientes internados no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, através da punção venosa em tubos a vácuo. As amostras de sangue foram processadas para exame direto e cultura e a identificação, conduzida através da observação das características macroscópicas, microscópicas e quando necessárias fisiológicas.
RESULTADOS: Oito (13,8%) episódios de fungemia foram identificados, correspondendo ao total das amostras e os agentes etiológicos envolvidos foram Candida, Histoplasma, Trichosporon, Cryptococcus e um fungo demáceo. C. albicans foi a espécie prevalente com 37,5% dos casos. A maior parte dos pacientes acometidos pertencia ao sexo masculino, na idade adulta. Não houve predominância para nenhuma atividade de risco e a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida foi a patologia de base mais citada.
CONCLUSÕES: O isolamento de fungos considerados emergentes como C. membranifaciens e espécies demáceas ressaltam a importância do acompanhamento epidemiológico dos casos de fungemia em imunocomprometidos, uma vez que a escolha terapêutica depende do conhecimento do agente etiológico.
Palavras-chaves: Epidemiologia. Fungemia. Hospital universitário.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, there was a marked increase in the number of serious infections caused by pathogenic fungi and those traditionally considered non-pathogenic. Infections caused by these organisms usually occur in patients with impaired immune defense, suffering from cancer, with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), or who received immunosuppressive therapy, had disruptions of the normal barriers, or experienced changes in normal microbiota1.
Advances in medicine have led to prolonged survival of immunocompromised patients and as well as the development opportunistic fungal infections. Among these infections, fungemia corresponds to the presence of fungi in the bloodstream, whose incidence has risen in recent decades. The presence of viable microorganisms in the bloodstream suggests active infection in tissues, and the patient’s recovery may depend on early identification and isolation of the aethiological agent2, 3.
Fungemia or hematogenous fungal infections represent a serious health problem, involving hospitalized patients with predisposing conditions leading to a high mortality rate4, 5.
The clinical presentation is nonspecific, and fever is the most common one2, 6, which makes the diagnosis of fungemia a challenge, as blood cultures are positive in less than 50% of cases6, 7. Thus, the diagnosis is usually late in the course of the infection or even during necropsy4.
Yeasts have been increasingly present as aethiological agents of fungemia, including Candida albicans and other species such as Candida non-albicans5. Nevertheless, other fungi, such as Histoplasma capsulatum, may also be involved. Differential patterns of species distribution have not been fully elucidated and may be closely related to the potential virulence of these microorganisms8.
The early diagnosis and treatment of these fungemias are relevant given the serious threat to immunocompromised patients and possible spread, hematogenously, to deeper organs, often becoming fatal. An appropriate management through clinical and laboratorial diagnosis may be effective with a satisfactory global health benefit9.
The growing number of fungemia associated with poor prognosis led to this study aiming to diagnose and evaluate the epidemiological aspects of hematogenous infections by fungi.
METHODS
This study was conducted in hospitalized patients at the Sector of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Hospital das Clínicas (Federal University of Pernambuco), and the procedures performed are in accordance with the ethical standards of the human experimentation committee of the Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil. Patients’ personal data were registered such as age, sex, occupation, and underlying disease. Three venous blood samples were aseptically collected in consecutive days by venipuncture into Vacutainer® tubes using EDTA anticoagulant. This is an unusual technique for detection of fungemia introduced to facilitate the diagnosis through direct examination, which is not possible to perform using the standard methods. The samples were processed by usual methods (direct examination and isolation in culture) for mycological diagnosis at the Medical Mycology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco.
Direct examination of clinical specimens was performed without clarification, as well as Giemsa staining and Nankin. Aliquots of 2mL of total blood were plated in the form of striations on Sabouraud dextrose agar broth and brain heart infusion, both added with chloramphenicol (Difco Laboratories) incubated at 30ºC and 37ºC in an aerobic atmosphere for 20 days. Pure cultures were transferred to the surface of Sabouraud dextrose agar plus yeast extract for the taxonomic identification of the etiologic agents10, 11.
The identification was conducted on the basis of their morphophysiological properties and biochemical tests, including auxanogram, zimogram, acid, and urease production according to Barnett12 and De Hoog10. The identification was also done by the automated system VITEK 120 (bioMerieux).
RESULTS
In a period of 1 year, 58 blood samples from inpatients with clinical suspicion of fungal blood infection and with a compromised immune system were analyzed. A total of eight episodes of fungemia were identified during this period (March 2009 to March 2010). After completion of the mycological laboratory diagnosis with direct examination and culture, based on the observation of macroscopic, microscopic, and physiological characteristics, fungemia aethiological agent yeasts of the genera Trichosporon, Candida, and Cryptococcus as well as a representative dimorphic Histoplasma capsulatum and a representative of dematiaceous filamentous fungi were identified. The incidence of patients with fungemia was 13.8%, and the aethiological agents are shown in Table 1.
The age of the eight patients with fungemia, ranged from 24 to 55 years (mean: 36.3 years), predominantly (25.8%) in men. Their occupations varied from being a housewife, bricklayer, hairdresser, truck driver, and teacher, with no predominance for any risky activity.
From the total number of patients analized, 31 (53.4%) had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and AIDS was the most frequent underlying pathology cited among the affected patients with fungemia, corresponding to five (62.5%) cases, followed by lupus erythematosus, malignant tumors, and diabetes mellitus, with one case each. Among the patients with AIDS, two (40%) were injecting drug users, four (80%) were homosexual, and one (20%) was heterosexual.
Based on clinical evaluation, all patients with fungemia were anemic with febrile conditions; one (12.5%) with pancytopenia; six (75%) with vomiting, diarrhea, and respiratory problems; and two (25%) with cutaneous rash.
After mycological diagnosis, four patients received amphotericin B (total dose of 400mg to 2g), which is considered the drug of choice for the treatment of systemic mycoses. Three patients died even before starting this treatment. In one of the patient, the treatment was not instituted for abandonment of monitoring. From those who received the treatment, three had an initial good response, receiving maintenance therapy after symptoms remission, with amphotericin B (1mg/kg/dose once a week) or itraconazole daily. One patient died during hospitalization and treatment.
DISCUSSION
In this group of patients diagnosed with fungemia, treatment was started only after laboratorial diagnosis. Early detection of risk factors for the development of fungemia, such as administration of broadspectrum antibiotics, use of multiple lumen catheters, mechanical ventilation, parenteral nutrition, and colonization fungal, has led to empirical treatment to reduce the high mortality rate associated with fungal infections13. Other factors cited as underlying conditions are malignant diseases, use of corticosteroids, cancer chemotherapy, radiation, malnutrition, and advanced age; they are identified as adjuvant agents in the onset of fungemia5, 7.
Fungemia generally induces fever, myalgia, and, possibly, a skin rash. Tests for detecting microorganisms in blood cultures are needed in cases of renal involvement, osteoarticular lesions, endocarditis, meningitis, hypotension and multiple organ failure and other factors 14.
In this study, the majority of the diagnosed cases of fungemia had Candida species as the main agent, and such results are similar to the findings of other studies, suggesting this genus as primarily responsible for cases of fungemia in immunossupressed patients2, 15.
It was established that the genus Candida is principally involved in the onset of nosocomial infections, where C. albicans fungemia is cited as the main cause, although there are increasing reports of blood infections caused by other species of Candida non-albicans and emergent fungi species16, 17. Colombo5 showed the detection of 145 candidemia in six hospitals in Brazil the prevalence of C. nonalbicans species in 63% of cases, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis, the predominant, although the last three decades in American teaching hospitals, C. albicans species has been responsible for more than sixfold increase in the frequency of fungemia by this yeast18, 19.
In this research, we isolated C. membranifaciens as the causative agent of fungemia. Franci and Pecile20 also reported a case caused by this species in cancer patients. C. membranifaciens has traditionally been considered non-pathogenic, and this is the first reported case of systemic infection in a patient with AIDS. Additionally, the incidence of dematiaceous fungi isolated from blood of patients with diabetes mellitus has rarely been reported.
During the mycological laboratorial diagnosis, it is possible to detect fungemia caused by C. neoformans, Trichosporon, H. capsulatum, and dematiaceos fungi. According to the National STD/AIDS of the Ministry of Health, from 1980 to 2002, 6% of opportunistic infections in HIV-positive patients were caused by C. neoformans. Considering the opportunistic fungal infections that affect patients with HIV worldwide, cryptococcosis is the secondmost common21.
The association of histoplasmosis and HIV is frequently found where the mycosis is endemic, with prevalence ranging between 2% and 30%, based on the studied region. In our research, we observed the involvement of H. capsulatum in homosexual patient, 32 with HIV. In most cases, latent foci of histoplasmosis, may culminate in disseminated form. 14, 22. According to Borges22, 18 cases of histoplasmosis occurred in immunosuppressed patients, and 17 had AIDS, mostly males.
We had a case of Trichosporon fungemia, which is considered an emerging pathogen in disseminated infections. The clinical picture of infection by this yeast is nonspecific and very poor prognosis23, 24. In a study conducted by Di Bonaventura23, it was shown that biofilm formation by Trichosporon spp explains the persistence of infection despite in vitro susceptibility to antifungal agents.
It is considered that early administration of amphotericin B can result in clinical improvement for fungal infections. However, when patients are immunocompromised, there may be resistance to this drug in vivo, which explains the high rates of mortality in this population24. In our work, amphotericin B was prescribed with good results.
In conclusion, our data show that the species C. albicans, C. nonalbicans, H. capsulatum, and C.neoformans remain the leading aethiologic agents causing fungemia, although other emergent species may also be involved such as Trichosporon. AIDS remains the most common underlying disease among males. Thus, completion of the mycological laboratory diagnosis in immunossupressed patients remains essential in guiding an accurate and early treatment to cure the infection.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) and the Post Graduate Program in Biology of Fungi (PPGBF) of that institution.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
Pro Reitoria de Pesquisa (PROPESQ/UFPE).
REFERENCES
1. Ribeiro LC, Hahn RC, Favalessa OC, Tadano T, Fontes CJ. Systemic mycosis: factors associated with death among patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2005-2008. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 42:698-705. [ Links ]
2. Viudes A, Pemán J, Cantón E, Ubeda P, López-Ribot JL, Gobernado M. Candidemia at a Terciary-Care Hospital: Epidemiology, Treatment, Clinical Outcome and Risk Factors for Death. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21:767-774. [ Links ]
3. Zaragora R, Perman J. Invasive fungal infections in critically ill patients: different therapeutic options and a uniform strategy. Rev Iberoam Micol 2006; 23:59-63. [ Links ]
4. Eggimann P, Garbino J, Pittet D. Management of Candida species infections in critically ill patients. Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3:772-785. [ Links ]
5. Colombo AL, Guimarães T. Epidemiologia das infecções hematogênicas por Candida spp. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003; 36:599-607. [ Links ]
6. Alonso-Valle H, Acha O, Garcia-Palomo JD, Farinas-Álvarez C, Fernandez-Mazarrasa C, et al. Candidemia in Terciary Care Hospital: Epidemiology and Factors Influencing Motality. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22:254-257. [ Links ]
7. Blot SI, Vandewoude KH, Hoste EA, Colardyn FA. Effects of Nosocomial Candidemia on Outcomes of Critically ill Patients. Am J Med 2002; 113:480-485. [ Links ]
8. Chang A, Neofytos D, Horn D. Candidemia in the 21st century. Future Microbiol 2008; 3:463-472. [ Links ]
9. França JC, Ribeiro CEL, Queiroz-Telles F. Candidemia in a Brazilian tertiary care hospital: incidence, frequency of different species, risk factors and antifungal susceptibility. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2008; 41:23-28. [ Links ]
10. De Hoog GS, Guarro J, Gené J, Figueras MJ. Atlas of clinical fungi. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 2001. [ Links ]
11. Lacaz CS, Porto EM, Costa JE, Heins-Vaccari EM, Melo NT. Tratado de micologia médica. 9th ed. São Paulo: Sarvier; 2002. [ Links ]
12. Barnett JA, Payne RW, Yarrow D. Yeasts: characteristics and identification. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge; 2000. [ Links ]
13. Velasco E, Thuler LCS, Martins CAS, Nucci M, Dias LMC, Gonçalves VMSC. Epidemiology of Bloodstream Infections at a Cancer Center. S Paulo Med J 2000; 118:131-138. [ Links ]
14. Oliveira FM, Fernandes SS, Severo CB, Guazzelli LS, Severo LC. Histoplasma capsulatum fungaemia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: detection by lysis-centrifugation blood-culturing technique. Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo 2007; 49:135-138. [ Links ]
15. Godoy P, Tiraboschi IN, Severo LC, Bustamante B, Calvo B, Almeida LP, et al. Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida spp bloodstream isolates from latin american hospitals. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:401-405. [ Links ]
16. Girmenia C, Pizzarelli, G, Cristini F, Barchiesi F, Spreghini E, Scalise G, et al. Candida guilliermondii Fungemia in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies. J Clin Microb 2006; 44:2458-2464. [ Links ]
17. Colombo AL, Nucci M, Park BJ, Nouér SA, Arthington-Skaggs B, Matta DA, et al. Epidemiology of candidemia in Brazil: a nation wide sentinel surveillance of candidemia in eleven medical centers. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:2816-2823. [ Links ]
18. Franci R, Pecile P. Central venous catheter-related infection due to Candida membranaefaciens, a new opportunistic azole-resistant yeast in a cancer patient: a case report and a review of literature. Mycoses 2005; 48:357-359. [ Links ]
19. Silva PR, Rabelo RA, Terra AP, Teixeira DN. Susceptibility to antifungal agents among Cryptococcus neoformans varieties isolated from patients at a university hospital. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2008; 41:158-162. [ Links ]
20. Borges AS, Ferreira MS, Silvestre MTA, Nishioka SA, Rocha A. Histoplasmose em pacientes imunodeprimidos: estudo de 18 casos observados em Uberlândia, MG. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1997; 30:119-124. [ Links ]
21. Di Bonaventura G, Pompilio A, Picciani C, Iezzi M, D’Antonio D, Piccolomini R. Biofilm formation by the emerging fungal pathogen Trichosporon asahii: development, architecture, and antifungal resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:3269-3276. [ Links ]
22. Pereira DN, Nader SS, Nader P, Martins PG, Furlan SP, Hentges CR. Infecção disseminada por Trichosporon spp em recém-nascido prematuro: relato de um caso. J Pediatr 2009; 85:459-561. [ Links ]
Address to:
Dra. Rejane Pereira Neves
Deptº de Micologia/CCB/UFPE. Av. Prof. Nelson Chaves s/n, Cidade Universitária
50670-420 Recife, PE, Brasil
Phone/Fax: 55 81 2126-8480
e-mail: rejadel@yahoo.com.br; rejadel29@yahoo.com.br
Received in 10/04/2011
Accepted in 01/06/2011
