Fernanda Bernadelli GarciaI; Gilberto de Araújo PereiraII; Paulo Roberto Juliano MartinsIII; Helio Moraes-SouzaIII
ICurso de Pós-graduação em Patologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG IIDisciplina de Bioestatística da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG IIIDisciplina de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro. Hemocentro Regional de Uberaba, Fundação Hemominas, Uberaba, MG
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to outline the serological profile of hepatitis C among blood donors seen at the Uberaba Regional Blood Center, Hemominas Foundation, over the last 14 years. The frequency of hepatitis C was compared between first-time and repeat donors and the epidemiological characteristics of those with positive and indeterminate ELISA anti-HCV (third and fourth generation) were analyzed based on the donor histories kept in the archives of the Uberaba Regional Blood Center. The serological ineligibility rate was 0.3%, with higher prevalence in the group of first-time donors. We did not find any significant differences regarding age, skin color, marital status or place of residence between eligible and ineligible donors; however, the frequency of positive serology was higher among men. The lower (0.3%) rate of ineligibility due to hepatitis C that was observed at the Uberaba Regional Blood Center, in relation to most Brazilian blood centers, is probably due to the large number of repeat donors (83.3%). This reinforces the importance of achieving donor commitment for increasing transfusion safety.
Key-words: Blood donor. Serological screening. Hepatitis C. Epidemiology.
RESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi traçar o perfil sorológico para a hepatite C nos doadores de sangue do Hemocentro Regional de Uberaba/Fundação Hemominas nos últimos 14 anos, comparando a sua ocorrência em doadores iniciais e de retorno e analisando as características epidemiológicas daqueles com ELISA anti-HCV (terceira e quarta geração) positivo e indeterminado, a partir dos históricos dos doadores nos arquivos do Hemocentro Regional de Uberaba. A inaptidão sorológica encontrada foi de 0,3%, com maior ocorrência no grupo de doadores iniciais. Não encontramos diferenças significativas quanto à idade, cor da pele, estado civil e local de residência entre os aptos e os inaptos, porém a ocorrência de sorologia positiva foi maior nos homens. A menor prevalência de inaptidão para hepatite C (0,3%) no Hemocentro Regional de Uberaba, em relação à maioria dos hemocentros do país, é provavelmente devido ao grande (83,3%) número de doadores de repetição, reforçando assim a importância da fidelização do doador para o aumento da segurança transfusional.
Palavras-chaves: Doador de sangue. Triagem sorológica. Hepatite C. Epidemiologia.
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) was identified in 1989 by Choo et al5 and current estimates indicate that 130 million people worldwide are infected7. HCV is transmitted through infected blood and its derivatives, by means of percutaneous exposure (shared use of syringes by drug addicts, tattooing and accidents with biological material), and possibly through domestic or sexual contact with HCV-infected persons. In approximately 30% of hepatitis C cases, no risk factor can be identified2. Vertical transmission is rare when compared with hepatitis B; however, pregnant women with a high HCV load or coinfected with HIV are at greater risk of transmitting the disease to their children14. According to the World Health Organization, shared use of syringes by intravenous drug users is the main contamination route in developed countries, whereas blood transfusion continues to be the most important mechanism of HCV transmission in developing countries7.
Although the symptoms of hepatitis C are similar to those of other viral hepatitis infections, 60 to 75% of HCV-infected individuals are asymptomatic and almost 20% show intermittent symptoms. The biochemical changes caused by hepatocellular dysfunction, such as elevated serum bilirubin and transaminase levels, are smaller in hepatitis C cases. Unfortunately, only a small percentage (about 20% of hepatitis C cases) are diagnosed based on the presence of symptoms or at random during voluntary blood donation, and large numbers of infected individuals remain undiagnosed2 10.
The most marked feature of hepatitis C is that the infection becomes chronic in most (50 to 85%) cases, because of the ability of the virus to develop mutations under the immunological pressure from the host, with rapid and continuous emergence of new strains called quasispecies and consequent evasion of the immune system. Thus, viral clearance is only observed in 15 to 50% of cases4.
Since tests for detecting anti-HCV antibodies were developed and put on the market, many studies have determined the prevalence of HCV infection among the general population, mostly involving voluntary blood donors. Data from the Brazilian public blood center network showed that the prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors was 0.5% in 20021.
In view of the lack of recent studies conducted in our region, the objective of the present investigation was to determine the frequency of hepatitis C among first-time and repeat blood donors and to compare the demographic and social characteristics of ineligible (positive or indeterminate serology) and eligible (healthy) donors seen at the Uberaba Regional Blood Center/Foundation and Center for Hematology and Hemotherapy of Minas Gerais (Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Minas Gerais; Hemominas Foundation), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Study population. All blood donors with a positive or indeterminate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) anti-HCV test (third and fourth generation) who were seen at the Uberaba Regional Blood Center between November 1992 and December 2005 were studied, as explained in a previous paper6. The donors were first divided into first-time donors and repeat donors. The latter were defined as individuals who had donated blood previously and who had not shown any positive or inconclusive reactions to serological screening during previous donations. The following demographic and social characteristics of the donors were evaluated: gender (male and female), age (18 to 29 years and >30 years), skin color (white and nonwhite), marital status (single, married or other type of relationship) and place of residence (Uberaba or other municipalities). The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro (Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro; UFTM) and the Hemominas Foundation.
Data collection. The data of the donors stored in the archives of the Uberaba Regional Blood Center were analyzed. The gender and age of the healthy donors (controls) were obtained from the database of the Blood Center. To analyze skin color, marital status and origin, a control group of 490 donors matched for the annual number of first-time and repeat donors who had been excluded due to hepatitis C (positive or indeterminate) was created. An indeterminate reaction was defined as an ELISA optical density result within the so-called grey zone (20% above or below the cutoff).
Statistical analysis. The results were analyzed statistically using the GraphPad InStat® program, version 3.06 (GraphPad Software, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA). Fisher’s exact test, the chi-square test or odds ratios were used for comparisons between groups, and correlations were determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, with the significance level set at p < 0.05.
RESULTS
A total of 171,027 blood donations were made between November 1992 and December 2005, and 561 of them were reactive to anti-HCV (0.3%). A significant change in the donor profile was observed over this period, with a significant increase in the number of repeat donors over the years (p < 0.0001). Repeat donors accounted for 49.4% of the donations at the center between 1993 and 1994 and 80.9% between 2004 and 2005, while the number of first-time donors did not show any significant trend of increases or decreases (p = 0.81; r = 0.075).
There was a gradual and significant decline in the number of donors excluded by a positive or indeterminate anti-HCV reaction over the period analyzed (p = 0.0007; r = -0.814) (Table 1).
Ineligibility among the donors was significantly related to first-time donors (p < 0.0001). With regard to gender, the ineligibility rate due to positive HCV serology was significantly higher among the men than among the women (p = 0.0131) (Table 2).
No significant differences were observed between age groups (p = 0.5151), skin colors (p = 0.7434), marital status (p = 0.9067) or places of residence (p = 0.4934) (Table 3).
DISCUSSION
The prevalence of hepatitis C seropositivity at Brazilian blood centers has decreased over recent years, with prevalences of 3.1% in Rio de Janeiro in 199011, 2.6% in Campinas in 19938 and 1.2% in Ribeirão Preto between 1996 and 200117, whereas this prevalence was 0.9% in Paraná in 200212. The production reports from Brazilian blood centers have stated in 2002 that the ineligibility rates due to positive hepatitis C serology were 0.5% for the whole country and 0.5% and 0.2% in the southeastern region and in the State of Minas Gerais, respectively1. The rate at the Uberaba Regional Blood Center was 0.1%. At the Pro-Blood Foundation/Blood Center of São Paulo (Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo) the prevalence of ineligibility due to hepatitis C fell from 1.8% in 1991 to 0.7% in 200116. In the present study, the ineligibility rate was 0.3% between 1992 and 2005, with the observation of an evident decline over the years studied. Thus, 1% of the donations were discarded because of hepatitis C during the first three years, whereas this rate was only 0.1% during the last three years.
The progressive decline in the frequency of non-negative anti-HCV serology over the years that was observed in the present study is certainly related to the change in the blood donor profile that occurred at the Uberaba Regional Blood Center over the same period. The percentage of repeat donors almost doubled (49.4% in 1993/1994 versus 80.9% in 2004/2005). Similar results were found by Gonçalez et al9 at the Pro-Blood Foundation/Blood Center of São Paulo. Salles et al16reported that long-term donor commitment, i.e. greater numbers of repeat donors, resulted in higher quality of blood available for transfusion.
The increased frequency observed in 1999 might be explained by changes that were made to the kit that had been used until that time, since similar results have been observed at the Uberlândia Regional Blood Center15 and at the Belo Horizonte Blood Center (personal communication). It should be emphasized that the same serological kits are used at all public blood centers in the State of Minas Gerais (Hemominas Foundation), considering that the purchasing process is centralized.
In the present study, most of the blood donors found to be eligible through clinical screening were males (75.4%). This rate was similar to the rates reported by the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária; ANVISA) for Brazilian blood centers (74%) and for the State of Minas Gerais (71.6%)1. This finding demonstrates that women’s participation as blood donors is poor. Nonetheless, analysis of the prevalence of serological ineligibility according to gender showed a significantly higher rate among men (p = 0.0131). Similar results have been reported by Valente et al17 for the Ribeirão Preto Blood Center and by Patiño-Sarcinelli et al13 in Rio de Janeiro. This indicates that men are more exposed to risk factors than women are, and supports the need to establish strategies that encourage women to donate blood.
Age analysis showed that 51.1% of the donors at the Uberaba Regional Blood Center who were found to be eligible through clinical screening were 30 years of age or over. Rates of 54% and 50.4% have been reported for Brazil and for the State of Minas Gerais, respectively1. Similarly to the findings of Paltanin12, our results showed no significant association with age among the individuals who were ineligible due to HCV. However, this contrasts with other studies that demonstrated a higher rate of ineligibility among older subjects3 13 18. This difference might be explained by the longer duration of exposure to infection and poorer aseptic conditions of the medical instruments to which this population was subjected in the past. One explanation for the present findings might be the increased use of illicit drugs by today’s youngsters and a reduction in the risk of transfusional transmission as a result of serological screening, considering that transfusion is a treatment more frequently applied to older age groups.
We did not observe any significant differences relating to skin color, marital status or place of residence between the control and ineligible groups. This suggests that, at least at the Uberaba Regional Blood Center, these factors are not associated with higher or lower risk of contamination.
In summary, we conclude that a) at the Uberaba Regional Blood Center, the profile of blood donors who were ineligible because of hepatitis C did not differ from the profile of eligible blood donors, in terms of age, skin color, marital status or origin; b) the higher frequency of ineligibility due to HCV among men suggests that they were more exposed to risk factors for infection than women were, thus supporting the need to establish strategies that encourage women to donate blood; and c) long-term donor commitment is of fundamental importance for ensuring the safety of blood used for transfusion.
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Address to:
Prof. Helio Moraes-Souza
Hemocentro Regional de Uberaba
Av. Getúlio Guaritá 250
38025-440 Uberaba, MG, Brasil
Telefax: 55 34 3312-5077
e-mail: helio.moraes@dcm.uftm.edu.br
Recebido para publicação em 30/09/2008
Aceito em 17/12/2008
Research supported by Fundação Hemominas, UFTM and CAPES.
