Maria da Conceição Viana RodriguesI; Júlia Bini ViottiII; Renata Felício BragaII; Lívia Flávia Sebe LourençoII; Carlos Maurício de Figueiredo AntunesII; José Roberto LambertucciII, III
IHospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique IIPós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG IIINúcleo de Ações e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG
Dear Editor:
The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) coinfection has been reported for Brazil2 3 and for some Sub-Saharan African countries1 4, but no data is available from Mozambique. Here, we report preliminary prevalence data and present the profile of HIV/HCV coinfected patients from an Infectious Disease Unit in Maputo, Mozambique, and from an equivalent Infectious Disease Unit in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Three hundred patients attending an outpatient clinic in Mozambique and 300 from an outpatient clinic in Brazil, within the age range of 18 to 65 years, were selected for this study between November 2006 and July 2007. A standardized sociodemographic and epidemiological questionnaire was used to record the information, which subsequently was transferred to a database in the Epi-Info software. Serum from Mozambicans and Brazilians was stored at -20ºC. HIV infection was diagnosed by an ELISA technique (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and was confirmed by Western blotting, and HCV was diagnosed by the ELISA MEIA (AxSYMG HCV 3.0) and confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Amplicor 3.0, Roche). Sequencing and genotyping were then performed to identity virus subtypes using an automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems).
The prevalences of HIV/HCV coinfection in Mozambicans and Brazilians were 15.7% and 10%, respectively (p = 0.04). Coinfection was also more frequent among Mozambican women, and this roughly coincided with the gender distribution of HIV infection in Mozambique (3:1 female/male ratio in the age range of 20 to 24 years). The mean T CD4+ cell counts were: 253 cells/mm3 (SD = 169) and 400 (SD = 244) for Mozambicans and Brazilians, respectively (p < 0.01). The risk factors for HCV infection among Mozambicans and Brazilians were, respectively: 0% and 40% for illegal intravenous drug use; 14.9% and 20% for blood transfusion; 0% and 16% for homosexual activity; 100% and 76.6% for heterosexual activity; 8.5% and 36.6% for other factors (tattooing, piercing, imprisonment and occupational risk). The HCV genotypes identified in Mozambique were 1a, 2a, 4 and 5a, whereas in Brazil, they were 1a, 1b and 3a.
In short, the prevalence of hepatitis C among HIV-infected patients was higher among Mozambicans. The unexpected differences in the data on homosexual behavior and in the use of illegal intravenous drugs between the populations evaluated raise the issue of the quality of the information obtained in the African country. There was a marked difference in HCV genotypes between the study groups. Preliminary analysis on the treatment of hepatitis C in the two populations revealed that only 8.5% of the Mozambicans and 10% of the Brazilians presenting HIV/HCV coinfection would be eligible candidates for hepatitis C treatment.
REFERENCES
1. Agwale SM, Tanimoto L, Womack C, Odama L, Leung K, Duey D, Negedu-Momoh R, Audu I, Mohammed SB, Inyang U, Graham B, Ziermann R. Prevalence of HCV co-infection in HIV-infected individuals in Nigeria and characterization of HCV genotypes. Journal of Clinical Virology 31 (suppl 1): S3-S6, 2004. [ Links ]
2. Mendes-Corrêa MC, Barone AA, Guastini C. Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence and risk factors among patients with HIV infection. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 43: 15-19, 2001. [ Links ]
3. Nobre V, Braga E, Rayes A, Serufo JC, Godoy P, Nunes N, Antunes CM, Lambertucci JR. Opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS admitted to an university hospital of the Southeast of Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 45: 69-74, 2003. [ Links ]
4. Sutcliffe S, Taha TE, Kumwenda NI, Taylor E, Liomba GN. HIV-1 prevalence and herpes simplex virus 2, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus infections among male workers at a sugar estate in Malawi. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 31: 90-97, 2001. [ Links ]
Address to:
Dr. José Roberto Lambertucci
NUPAD/FM/UFMG
Av. Alfredo Balena 190
30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG
e-mail: lamber@uai.com.br
Recebido para publicação em 16/09/2008
Aceito em: 26/08/2008
Partially financial support: NUPAD (Núcleo de Ações e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
