Ángel SinagraI; Concepción LunaI; David AbrahamII; Maria del Carmen IannellaIII; Adelina RiarteI; Alejandro J. KrolewieckiIV, V
IInstituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén, Buenos Aires, Argentina IIDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA IIIMathematics Department, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina IVFundación Huésped. Área de Investigaciones Clínicas. Buenos Aires, Argentina VInstituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales Universidad Nacional de Salta. Sede regional Orán. SRN. Orán, Argentina
ABSTRACT
New therapeutic alternatives against leishmaniasis remain a priority. The activity of azithromycin against Leishmania (Leishmania) major has been previously demonstrated. Different responses among species of Leishmania make species-specific drug screening necessary. The activity of azithromycin against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis was evaluated in golden hamsters infected through footpad injections of metacyclic promastigotes, and compared with untreated controls and animals treated with meglumine antimoniate. Footpad thickness, lesion cultures and dissemination sites were analyzed. Treatment of golden hamsters with oral azithromycin at 450mg/kg had no activity against infections with Leishmania(Leishmania) amazonensis. For infections due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, azithromycin demonstrated significant activity relative to untreated controls, but inferior to meglumine antimoniate, for controlling lesion size. Neither drug was able to totally eliminate parasites from the lesions. It was concluded that azithromycin has activity against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis but not against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in this model.
Key-words: Leishmania Viannia braziliensis. Leishmania Leishmania amazonensis. Azithromycin. Hamster.
RESUMO
Novas alternativas terapêuticas contra a leishmaniose são ainda uma prioridade. A atividade da azitromicina contra a Leishmania (Leishmania) major foi anteriormente demonstrada. Diferentes respostas entre as espécies de Leishmania fazem com que um screening de drogas específicas para espécies seja necessário. A atividade da azitromicina contra a Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis e a Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis foi avaliada em Golden hamsters infectados a través de injeções de promastigotas metacíclicas e comparando com controles sem tratamento e animais tratados com antimoniato de N-metil-glucamina. Foram analisadas a espessura da pata, a cultura das lesões e disseminação para órgãos internos. A azitromicina oral em dose de 450mg/kg não teve atividade contra a infecção por Leishmania ( Leishmania) amazonensis. Para infecções devidas à Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, a azitromicina teve uma atividade significativa em relação aos controles sem tratamento, mas foi inferior ao antimoniato de N-metil-glucamina quanto ao controle do tamanho das lesões. Nenhuma das drogas conseguiu eliminar totalmente os parasitos das lesões. Foi concluído que a azitromicina tem atividade contra Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, mas não tem atividade contra Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis neste modelo.
Palavras-chaves: Leishmania Viannia braziliensis. Leishmania Leishmania amazonensis. Azitromicina. Hamster.
The search for new therapies against leishmaniasis in its different forms continues to be a clinical priority. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis has been identified as the causative agent of most cases of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in Argentina, although a role for Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis has recently been described in a minority of cases3 8. Infection of golden hamsters with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis results in local lesions and dissemination13. In the case of infections with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, golden hamsters develop florid lesions at the inoculation site that tend to grow chronically with dissemination to metastatic foci. Treatments with meglumine antimoniate are able to control but not to sterilize the lesions caused by both Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis 2 11.
The activity of azithromycin against Leishmania (Leishmania) major in vitro and in BALB/cByJ mice has been previously demonstrated. In vitro, azithromycin significantly reduced parasite numbers in cell-free cultures, the number of amastigotes per macrophage and the number of infected macrophages. Treatment of BALB/cByJ mice with azithromycin caused diminished lesion size and parasite load6 7.
Azithromycin has a benign toxicity profile, good tolerance in pediatric populations, oral and parenteral formulations and a lack of contraindications during pregnancy (FDA category B)14. This drug also has preferential active concentration in macrophages5.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of azithromycin on Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infections of golden hamsters using experimental systems designed for each species.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Drugs. Azithromycin (ZitromaxTM, Pfizer) powder was mixed in water to a dilution of 40mg/ml. Meglumine antimoniate (Lazar, Argentina) was used from vials containing 5ml of solution (1.5g of antimony, corresponding to 425mg of SbV).
Parasites. The strains IFLA/BR67/PH8 of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and MHOM/AR/90LEA4 of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis were used. For both strains, promastigotes in the stationary phase were obtained from six-day-old in-vitro cultures in Senekjie medium with RPMI1640 (GIBCO, USA) and 20% fetal bovine serum at 26ºC. The parasites in these cultures originated from lesions in golden hamsters. Promastigotes for inoculation were counted in Neubauer chambers.
Animals. Male and female 55 to 65-day-old golden hamsters (Mesocriscetus auratus) bred at the animal facilities of the Mario Fatala Chabén National Parasitology Institute were used in the experiments. Throughout the experiments, the animals were housed in cages of two to three animals with food and water ad libitum. In every experiment, each group included at least five animals.
Infection and treatment. Animals were subcutaneously inoculated in the right footpad with 1 x 106 metacyclic promastigotes of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis or 5 x 105 metacyclic promastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis using a 25g 5/8″ needle. Drug treatments were started immediately after infections, at doses of 450mg/kg/day for five days a week through an oral cannula for azithromycin and at doses of 60mg/kg/day intramuscularly for five days a week for meglumine antimoniate, based on previous efficacy reports for hamsters infected with Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis15. The dose of azithromycin was chosen based on the maximum dose that was well tolerated by the animals in a preliminary experiment. The treatment duration was four weeks for meglumine antimoniate; treatments with azithromycin lasted eight weeks for Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and five weeks for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The differential duration of the treatments with azithromycin was defined in the experimental design based on the known duration and aggressiveness of lesions due to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis compared with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis13.
Lesion size was determined weekly by measuring the thickness of the infected and contralateral footpad using a digital caliper (Schwyz Model SC111101E, Switzerland), and the difference between the footpads was calculated. Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infections were followed for up to 15 weeks and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infections for up to 7 weeks.
Dissemination was studied by taking samples from homolateral popliteal lymph nodes, liver and/or spleen. These tissues were processed and cultured in Senekjie medium for 30 days, after which the presence of live parasites was determined. Semiquantitative parasite counts were made on biopsy tissue of approximately 10mg that was taken from the lesion at the end of the experiment. This tissue was weighed and a homogenate was prepared in a grinder with RPMI1640 containing 20% fetal calf serum. Serial tenfold dilutions were prepared in 96-well plates and incubated at 26ºC for 14 days. The highest dilution with moving parasites was the final titer for each sample. Each biopsy was cultured in duplicate.
Data analysis. All experiments were performed at least in duplicate; the data presented represent a summary from all experiments. The data were analyzed for statistical significance with the Mann-Whitney test or Student t test when appropriate. Differences were considered significant with P values of <0.05. The data analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows, version 12.0 (SPSS Inc, USA).
RESULTS
Effect of azithromycin on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infections. Footpad lesions developed in untreated infected golden hamsters within one week of infection. Treatment of infected animals with azithromycin had no effect on the size of the lesions (Figure 1). Semiquantitative analysis of parasite load in the lesion and cultures of regional lymph nodes at 10 weeks also showed no effect compared with untreated animals (Table 1). Meglumine antimoniate was effective for controlling the development of lesions for 10 weeks, after which the lesions increased in size until the end of the experiment (Figure 1). In a significant number of animals treated with meglumine antimoniate, at 10 weeks postinfection, parasites were not recovered from the lesions and dissemination was blocked (Table 1). However, at 15 weeks postinfection there was uniform positivity of lesion and popliteal lymph node cultures in all groups. Dissemination to the liver was observed in one of the six animals in the untreated control group and in none of the treated animals (five with meglumine antimoniate and five with azithromycin) at 10 weeks postinfection, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Similarly, dissemination to the spleen was observed in two of the ten untreated animals but in none of those treated with meglumine antimoniate (nine) or azithromycin (ten).
Effect of azithromycin on Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infections. Statistically significant increases in footpad thickness developed at one week postinfection in untreated animals and in animals treated with azithromycin. At three weeks postinfection, the animals treated with meglumine antimoniate developed lesions. Treatments with meglumine antimoniate resulted in lesions with delayed appearance and lower peak swelling (Figure 2). The animals treated with azithromycin had lesions that were significantly smaller than those in untreated controls and larger than those in golden hamsters treated with meglumine antimoniate, from three weeks postinfection (p = 0.002) until the end of the experiment (Figure 2). Recovery of viable parasites from the lesions at seven weeks postinfection was performed without evidence of significant differences between groups. At seven weeks, dissemination was confirmed in popliteal lymph nodes homolateral to the lesions in all groups, without evidence of significant differences between them (Table 2). Dissemination of parasites to the liver was detected in one out of 18 animals, in the meglumine antimoniate group, at seven weeks postinfection (Table 2).
DISCUSSION
Our results show that Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infections in golden hamsters are resistant to azithromycin, such that the treated animals developed infections indistinguishable from untreated controls. Meglumine antimoniate was used as a positive control and demonstrated its efficacy in limiting infections. Control over the parasite was however not absolute, in that lesions and local lymph nodes were infected with parasites 15 weeks postinfection (11 weeks after treatment completion). This finding is consistent with previous reports regarding treatment of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and other species of Leishmania with antimony compounds, in hamsters2.
The lesion size in the animals infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis was significantly reduced by treatment with azithromycin and meglumine antimoniate. Azithromycin was unable to totally block the development of foot pad swelling, although the lesions were significantly smaller in treated animals than in untreated controls. These results mirror those seen in BALB/cByJ mice infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) major and treated with azithromycin6, in which animals were treated subcutaneously using regimens of 100 to 200mg/kg/day for eight weeks. Meglumine antimoniate was significantly superior to oral azithromycin for controlling infection by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. However, as in the case of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, lesions developed in the mice treated with meglumine antimoniate at the end of the experimental period. This observation confirms previous reports that meglumine antimoniate does not eliminate all Leishmania parasites from golden hamsters using similar treatment regimens15.
The use of positive and negative controls gives support to the conclusions and makes it unlikely that the differences in the results between the two species described in this report might be related to the different inoculum used for each species (1x 106 for Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and 5×105 for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis). The effects of azithromycin and meglumine antimoniate at higher and lower inoculum doses or in different therapeutic schedules were not investigated.
The mechanism of action of azithromycin against Leishmania is unknown. Azithromycin has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects in humans with bronchiolitis obliterans4, and treatment of macrophages with azithromycin enhanced the elimination of fungal pathogens16. Alternatively, it is possible that azithromycin has direct antimicrobial activity on the parasites. In the case of pentavalent antimonials, with over 50 years of use for treating leishmaniasis, their mechanism of action is also still uncertain: both direct and immune-mediated mechanisms have been implicated9.
In addition to the preclinical studies performed on mice for evaluating azithromycin against Leishmania parasites6, the clinical experiences include an uncontrolled study that involved 20 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in an area endemic for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensistreated with variable doses of azithromycin for two to ten days with a cure rate of 85%10. Contrasting with these findings, in an area endemic for Leishmania (Leishmania) major in Syria, no cures were recorded among 45 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis using ten-day cycles of azithromycin1. Three cases of mucosal leishmaniasis with contraindications for the use of antimonials were successfully treated with three cycles of ten days of azithromycin in Brazil12.
Based on the discrepant responses of these species to azithromycin, clinical trials aimed at testing the findings from the current study must take into consideration the species involved in the treated patients. In conclusion, azithromycin has activity against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis but not against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in golden hamsters. This activity is inferior to meglumine antimoniate for lesion control, and yet both drugs failed to eliminate all parasites from the lesions. Further studies should evaluate the clinical use of azithromycin as an oral option for treating American cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Sergio Sosa Estani for his contribution and comments and Leandro Cahn, Pablo López and Omar Mussmano for assistance with the illustrations. This study was supported by an educational grant from Pfizer.
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Address to:
Dr. Alejandro J. Krolewiecki
Pje. Angel Peluffo 3932. Buenos Aires (C1202ABB), Argentina
Tel: 54 11-4981-1855. Fax: 54 11 4982-4024
e-mail: alekrol@huesped.org.ar
Recebido para publicação em: 23/04/2007
Aceito em: 11/10/2007
