Paula Andréia Silva; Fabíola Souza Fiaccadori; Ana Maria Tavares Borges; Simone Almeida Silva; Roberto Ruhman Daher; Regina Maria Bringel Martins; Divina das Dores de Paula Cardoso
Laboratório de Virologia do Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás
ABSTRACT
Were analyzed 648 serum samples from laboratory staff in Goiânia, Goiás aiming detection of three serological markers of HBV: HBsAg, anti-HBsAg and anti-HBcAg. The HBsAg and anti-HBcAg positive samples were also analyzed for HBeAg, anti-HBeAg and anti-HBcAgIgM markers. HBV infection rate of 24.1% was observed and, from them, 0.7% were positive for HBsAg. Viral DNA was detected by PCR in two HBsAg positive samples. A vaccination index of 74.5% and a global index of 89.9% of serological response to vaccination were observed. The direct work with biological fluids as well as cleaning workers represented significant risks for acquisition of HBV infection. The data from the present study showed an increase of the vaccination index among laboratory staff but the rates of HBV infection did not change through the years in the region.
Key-words: Hepatitis B. Seroprevalence. Vaccination. Laboratory staff.
RESUMO
Neste estudo, foram analisadas 648 amostras de soro, provenientes de profissionais de laboratório de Goiânia-Goiás, visando a detecção de três marcadores sorológicos do VHB: HBsAg, anti-HBsAg e anti-HBcAg. As amostras HBsAg e anti-HBcAg positivas foram também analisadas para os marcadores HBeAg, anti-HBeAg e anti-HBcAgIgM. Foi observado um percentual de soropositividade para infecção pelo VHB de 24,1% sendo que 0,7% destes foram positivos para o HBsAg. O DNA viral foi detectado por PCR nas duas amostras HBsAg positivas. Dos 648 profissionais, 74,5% relataram vacinação para o VHB e, destes, 89,9% apresentaram soroconversão. Trabalho direto com fluidos biológicos bem como trabalho em serviços gerais representaram risco significativo para aquisição da infecção pelo VHB. Os resultados do estudo mostram que embora tenha havido um aumento no índice de vacinação entre os trabalhadores de laboratório, o índice de infecção pelo VHB manteve-se inalterado em relação ao tempo na região.
Palavras-chaves: Hepatite B. Soroprevalência. Vacinação. Profissionais de laboratório.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of agents of human liver diseases, including acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocelular carcinoma3. The disease is a great health problem worldwide, with an estimate of 350 million people chronically infected6.
Health-care workers (HCW) are at risk for occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens, including HBV. The annual number of occupational infections has decreased since hepatitis B vaccine became available in 1982. Nevertheless, in the United States, approximately 800 health-care workers become infected with HBV each year following occupational exposure4. In Goiânia, Goiás, a vaccination program directed at immunization of people at high risk for acquiring HBV, such as HCW, was introduced in 1992.
Included in the HCW category are laboratory professionals who were the subject of this study. There are few studies considering this population and these showed a seroprevalence rate for the virus that varies from 16.4% to 23.3%2 5 8 15.
In our region, Goiânia, Goiás, studies about HBV seroprevalence in different populations have been developed, including hospital and hemodialysis staff2 11. However, there are no studies regarding the seroprevalence of infection and status of vaccination for HBV in laboratory staff. In this way, this study presents the index of serological markers for HBV, the detection of viral DNA, as well as the index of professionals vaccinated against HBV and the response to vaccine.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Population studied. In 2000, the number of laboratory professionals in Goiânia was estimated at 3000 people (Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, Brazil). In this way, 600 professionals would be enough to detect a seroprevalence rate of infection of 22% with an accuracy of 3%. Also, in the period under study there were 150 private and 20 public laboratories in Goiânia (Conselho Regional de Biomedicina, Conselho Regional de Farmácia, Sociedade Brasileira de Análises Clínicas e Vigilância Epidemiológica do Município de Goiânia), which 30 private and 10 public laboratories were chosen at random to participate in the study. All staff involved in the study agreed with the procedure (written consent) and filled out a questionnaire requesting personal data, information about risk factors associated with hepatitis transmission, as well as vaccination against HBV. The collection of blood samples was performed between November, 2000 and June, 2001. A second blood sample was collected for follow-up from individuals who tested positive for HBsAg. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Goiás (nº 2200000167).
Detection of HBV serological markers. The blood samples were analyzed for HBsAg, anti-HBsAg and anti-HBcAg. Samples which tested positive for HBsAg or only for anti-HBcAg were also tested for anti-HBcAgIgM, HBeAg and anti-HBeAg. These procedures were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a commercial kit (Organon Teknika- Hepanostika, Boxtel, The Netherlands and Bio-Rad, France). The samples were considered positive or negative when optic density was respectively 10% above or below of the cut off value, calculated as recommended by the manufacturer.
Calculation of the HBV seroprevalence infection rate included professionals who were not vaccinated, as well as those who were vaccinated but presented other infection markers besides anti-HBsAg.
Viral DNA detection. The positive samples for HBsAg and/or anti-HBcAg were analyzed to detect viral DNA using PCR methodology. The viral DNA was extracted from serum and amplified in according to the description13. In the first amplification, 5 pairs of primers designed from conserved regions of the viral genome (PS1-PS2, X1-X2, C1-C2, C1-PS2 and PS1-S2), were used. The negative samples were submitted to a second amplification (semi-nested PCR), using primers PS1-PS2 and PS4-S29 13. The PCR procedure utilized is able to detect 100 copies per genome (Gomes, S.A.- personal communication).
Seropositivity to vaccine. For this analysis, vaccinated staff who did not present any serological markers for viral infection were considered. Only individuals that tested positive for only anti-HBsAg were considered seropositive to the vaccine.
Statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using the EPINFO 6.04 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, EUA, 1997) statistical software package. A chi-square test, chi-square for trend tests and Fisher’s exact test with 95% confidence intervals were utilized when necessary. Odds ratio (OR) also was utilized for evaluation of HBV risk factors.
RESULTS
Population characteristics. From 648 staff members, 496 were female and 152 male, the ranging in age was from 18 to 60 years and 38.1% were between 26 and 35 years. Of these, 389 were from private laboratories.
Seroprevalence rates for HBV. From 295 individuals analyzed, 71 (24.1%) presented serological markers for HBV: Two were positive for HBsAg/anti-HBcAg, six for anti-HBcAg alone and sixty-three for anti-HBcAg /anti-HBsAg (Table 1). It was observed that of two individuals who tested positive for HBsAg, one tested positive for the same serological markers (HBsAg/total anti-HBcAg) in both blood samples and the other only for HBsAg in the first sample and for HBsAg/anti-HBcAg in the second one. Ten staff members who reported no vaccination tested positive for anti-HBsAg alone.
Multivariate analysis for HBV infection in relation to risk factors showed statistical significance for professionals that worked directly with biological fluids and in cleaning (Table 2).
Detection of viral DNA. Positivity for HBV-DNA was observed in the two HBsAg positive samples.
Vaccination rates. 623 of 648 staff provided information about vaccination and of them 464 (74.5%) had been vaccinated. A smaller vaccination rate was observed among individuals with low educational levels, public laboratory workers, administrative and cleaning workers, as well as workers less than one year on the job (p<0,05).
Seropositivity to vaccine. A seropositivity rate of 89.9% to the vaccine for individuals that received three doses of HBV vaccine was observed. The male individuals and those of 46-60 years of age or who had low educational levels had lower seropositivity to the vaccine (Table 3 and 4).
DISCUSSION
In this study, the rate of seroprevalence for infection observed for HBV among laboratory staff is in agreement with other studies2 5 8 15. Direct contact with biological fluids as well as laboratory cleaning constituted risk factors for HBV infection. This result reinforces data from other studies and the concept that blood and biological fluids are relevant factors for acquisition of infection for this type of population19.
The follow up of two staff tested positive for HBsAg, showed that one had HBsAg for more than one year and was thus considered a chronic carrier. For the other staff member the antiHBcAg was present only in the second sample and in whole these data reaffirm the circulation of the virus in this population.
In the present study, no positivity was observed for viral DNA in positive samples for anti-HBcAg only, which is in agreement with a study performing by Largura et al10. However, study shows that even in intermittent viremia the viral DNA can be detected when ultrasensitive nucleic acid amplification testing (3.8 IU/mL) is utilized7. On the other hand, in Goiânia, Goiás, 3.6% of positive rate for viral DNA in this type of sample was observed utilizing the same procedure14. This difference may be the result of the type of population studied since in this study the participants were patients with clinic suspect of hepatitis. Positive samples for viral DNA were also positive for HBsAg and were from the second blood samples. This data suggest that more than one sample of clinical specimens may be necessary before considering the results for HBV-DNA.
The percentage of staff who had received HBV vaccine was 74.5% and is higher than the percentage reported in other studies of health-care workers in 1989 and 1998 in the region, in which vaccination rates of 3% and 59.2%, respectively were reported2 11.
Seropositive rate of 89.9% for anti-HBs only was found for staff that received three doses of vaccine, which is in agreement with other studies1 16 18. Males, as well as, staff members over 46 years of age showed a smaller seropositive rate to the vaccine. These data agree with those of other studies, which consider that these characteristics are responsible for a failure in the immunological response to the vaccine1 12 17. A lower seropositive rate to the vaccine was also observed in individuals that had little education. Of this group only 50% received the three doses of vaccine (data not shown) and in this way this fact could be related to the lower positive rate to the vaccine.
This study showed that HBV vaccination rate in Goiânia, GO has increased over time but the seroprevalence of HBV infection remains unchanged. This reinforces the necessity of taking preventive measures, including vaccination, in order to control of the virus.
ACKNOWLODGEMENTS
To FUNAPE/UFG for providing financial support.
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Correspondece to
Dra. Divina das Dores de Paula Cardoso
Rua Delenda Rezende de Melo esquina com 1ª avenida s/n
Setor Universitário, 74605-050 Goiânia, GO, Brasil
Tel: 55 62 209-6122, Fax: 55 62 521-1839
e-mail: divina@netgo.com.br
Recebido em 3/2/2004
Aceito em 16/11/2004
Financial support (FUNAPE/UFG).
