Sandra F. Moreira-Silva1, Diana O. Frauches1, Alba L. Almeida1, Haydée F.M.S. Mendonça1 and Fausto Edmundo L. Pereira2
1. Hospital Infantil Nossa Senhora da Glória, Vitória ES. 2. Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas do Centro Biomédico da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória ES, Brasil.
Abstract In this communication we report 46 cases of acute liver failure in children diagnosed at the Hospital Infantil Nossa Senhora da Glória in Vitória, E Santo. Serology for IgM anti-HAV, IgM anti-HBc, HbsAg, anti-HCV and biochemical tests were performed in all cases in a routine laboratory. The M/F ratio was 1.1:1 and the mean age was 4.7±3.2 years, without gender difference. Anti-HAV IgM+ in 38 (82.6%) cases, anti-HbcIgM+ in two (4.3 %) cases and 6 (13.1%) cases were negative for all viral markers investigated. Anti- HCV+ in one anti-HAV IgM+ case. HbsAg+ in two anti-HbcIgM+ and in two HAVIgM+ cases. Among the six A, B and C negative cases, four (8.6%) did not have the suspected exogenous intoxication. Mortality was 50%, without gender or age differences. These results demonstrate that HAV infection is the main etiology of acute liver failure in children in Brazil, confirming that, although it is a self limited, relatively mild illness, it can cause serious and even fatal disease. The observation of four cases without A, B and C viral markers and no history of exogenous intoxication, agree with the observation of non A-E acute sporadic hepatitis in Northeastern Brazil.
Key-words: Fulminant hepatitis. Liver failure. Acute hepatitis. Hepatitis A. Hepatitis.
Resumo São relatados 46 casos de insuficiência hepática aguda, diagnosticados no Hospital Infantil Nossa Senhora da Glória, em Vitória, Espírito Santo. Sorologia para IgM anti-HAV, IgM anti-HBc, HbsAg, anti-VHC e testes bioquímicos realizados em laboratório de rotina. Relação M/F de 1,1:1; média de idades: 4,7±3,2 anos, sem diferença entre os sexos. IgM anti-VHA+ em 38 (82.6%) casos, IgM anti-HBc+ em dois (4,3%) casos e seis (13,1%)casos foram negativos para os marcadores virais investigados. HbsAg+ em dois casos IgM anti-HBc+ e em dois com IgM anti-VHA+. Anti-VHC+ em um caso IgM anti-VHA+. Entre os seis casos negativos para VHA, VHB e VHC, quatro (8,6%) não tinham suspeita de intoxicação exógena. A mortalidade foi de 50% sem diferenças em relação à idade ou sexo. Os resultados demonstram que o vírus da hepatite A é o principal agente etiológico de insuficiência hepática aguda em crianças no nosso meio. A observação de quatro casos sem marcadores para infecção com os vírus A,B ou C e sem suspeita de intoxicação exógena está de acordo com o relato de hepatites agudas esporádicas não A-E no Nordeste do Brasil.
Palavras-chaves: Hepatite fulminante. Insuficiência hepática. Hepatite aguda. Hepatite A. Hepatite.
Acute liver failure or fulminant hepatitis in children is defined as the development of hepatic encephalopathy within 4 or 8 weeks after onset of jaundice1 4 10. Worldwide the most common causes of acute liver failure in children are acute viral hepatitis and drug-induced hepatocellular injury. However there are few reports dealing with the etiology of this syndrome in developing countries and especially in Latin America.
Zacarias et al19 reported 71% of HAV IgM, 14.2% of HBV IgM and 14.2% negative for HAV or HBV among 28 children with acute liver failure diagnosed in Santiago, Chile. Similar high frequency of HAV among 70 children with acute liver failures was reported in Buenos Aires by Ciocca4 : 64% HAV , 5% HBV and 28% negative for HAV and HBV, the last cases being considered cryptogenic.
In Brazil there are few reports about the etiology of acute liver failure in children. In the Brazilian part of Amazon Basin acute liver failure in children and young people frequently has the pattern of Labrea fever (fulminant hepatitis with microvesicular steatosis or spongiform hepatitis) and is related to HDV, HBV and HAV infection, alone or in association6 7. Isolated cases of fulminant hepatitis with microvesicular steatosis (spongiform hepatitis) in children have been reported in Northeast and Southeast Brazil2 11 13.
Here we report the main epidemiological profile of children with acute liver failure diagnosed at the children’s Hospital N. Sra da Glória, in Vitoria, ES, from January 1992 to January 1999, with special attention to viral etiology.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The study is a description of a series of 46 cases of children with acute liver failure, retrieved from 109 records of children with diagnosis of acute hepatitis, admitted at the Children’s Hospital NS da Glória from January 1992 to January 1999. Biochemical tests (total bilirubin, serum albumin, ALT, AST and prothrombin time) and serology for HAV (anti-HAV IgM), for HBV (HbsAg and anti-HBc IgM) and anti-HCV, were done in all cases, using commercial kits in a routine laboratory.
The criteria for inclusion of a case as acute liver failure were laboratory evidence of liver failure (increased billirrubin levels over 2mg/dl and a prothrombin time lesser than 55% of the control, that corresponds to International Normalization Ratio equal or higher than 1.5), associated with signs of hepatic encephalopathy. The encephalopathy was classified according the following grades of severity16: grade 1 (confusion and mood changes), grade 2 (drowsiness and inappropriate behavior), grade 3 (stupor) and grade 4 superficial coma (arousable by simple commands) or profound coma (no responses to any stimuli). Electroencephalogram was used for assessment of encephalopathy in all cases.
Among the 109 children with acute hepatitis, 46 had clinical signs of acute liver failure according the criteria cited above. The data related to age, sex, birthplace, biochemical findings, results of serology for hepatitis virus, duration of illness and evolution from these 46 cases were collected and analyzed.
When necessary the software EPIINFO version 6.1 was used for statistical analysis.
The ethical Committee from the Biomedical Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo approved this research.
RESULTS
The data related to age, gender, birthplace and the results of main biochemical tests and serology of the 46 cases are presented in Table 1. Thirty eight (82.6%) cases were positive for anti HAV, IgM two (4.3%) cases were positive for anti-HBc IgM, six (13.01%) cases were negative for anti HAV IgM, antiHBc IgM and anti-HCV and one (2.17%) case had positive anti HAV IgM and anti-HCV. In this case the identification of HCV RNA was not done. HBsAg was positive in four cases (two positives for antiHBcIgM and two positives for anti-HAV IgM). Two out of six viral negative cases had a history of exogenous intoxication.
Encephalopathy grade 1 was present in 16 cases, grade 2 in 5 cases, grade 3 in 2 cases and grade 4 in 23 cases.
Fatal evolution occurred in 23 (50%) cases. Mortality was 44.7% (17/38) of HAV positive cases, 50% (1/2) of HBV positive cases and 83.33% (5/6) of the HAV, HBV and HCV negative cases The differences in mortality ratio in regard to the etiology were not significant, although it was higher among cases without positive viral markers.
There were no gender or age differences in children that died (Table 1). The only biochemical parameters that were significantly different in fatal cases were prothrombin time and serum albumin level (Table 1).
DISCUSSION
The Children’s Hospital NS da Glória is a reference Hospital for the public health system that attends children of low social-economic status from the different cities of Espirito Santo State. In this series 67.4% of children come from the suburbs of Metropolitan Vitória and 22.6% from other cities. These frequencies did not differ from the origin of children that are admitted to the Hospital because of other diseases.
The male female ratio (1.1:1) and mean age (5.2±3.4 years) were similar to that observed in Santiago19.
The high frequency of acute liver failure associated to acute hepatitis A is similar to the observed in Santiago19, Buenos Aires4 and Pakistan15. In the developed countries acute liver failure in children is more frequently associated to HBV infection or exogenous intoxication13 with rare cases of acute liver failure in children due to HAV infection5.
The occurrence of four cases (8%), without a history of exogenous intoxication and with negative serology for both anti-A IgM and anti HBc IgM indicates the possibility of existence of acute liver failure in children caused by nonA-E hepatitis in Vitoria. This observation is in agreement with the observation of high frequency of non A-E acute sporadic hepatitis in Northeastern Brazil12.
The frequency of fatal evolution (23/46; 50%) was similar to that reported in acute liver failure in children in developing countries4 15 19, but less than that observed in developed countries, where viral etiology is less frequent 5 14. Although without statistic significance, mortality was lower among the cases associated with A or B virus infection than in the cases with negative serology (respectively 18/40 and 5/6; Fisher’s exact test, p=0.089).
There was a high frequency of fatal cases among children with HAV infection, similar to that observed in Buenos Aires4(60% died) and in Kanacki, Pakistan14 (37% died). It is possible that other factors as malnutrition, contributed to high mortality of severe hepatic dysfunction in children with HAV infection in developing countries. However severe HAV infection has been reported in some epidemics in developed countries18.
Some authors argued that superinfection with HAV in patients with chronic hepatitis C could be a factor for more severe disease, an observation not confirmed by other investigators3 9 17. Among our patients only one had positive serology for anti-HCV and IgM anti-HAV and this patient survived.
In conclusion our observations demonstrate that HAV infection is the main etiology of acute liver failure in children in our Country, with high mortality, confirming that, although HAV infection is a self limited, relatively mild illness, it can cause serious and even fatal disease8.
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