Home » Volumes » Volume 34 May/June 2001 » Ecology of Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Ecology of Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Carlos Brisola Marcondes1, Luiz Gonzaga Santos-Neto2 and Ana Leuch Lozovei3

1. Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC. . 2. Departamento de Zoologia da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (UFPR), PR. . 3. Departamento de Patologia Básica/UFPR, Curitiba, PR

DOI: 10.1590/S0037-86822001000300005


Abstract The phlebotomine sandfly fauna of a primary forest reserve at Morretes (eastern Paraná State) was studied, using CDC-like light traps, one night per month, at canopy and ground level, between April 1995 and March 1996. A total of 3,106 insects were collected, identified as belonging to nine species. Lutzomyia ayrozai and Lu. geniculata were predominant, seven other species also being present. Monthly mean temperature, rainfall and the temperature of the collection night significantly influenced the numbers of Lu. ayrozai while the two first factors influenced the numbers of Lu. geniculata, besides the collected quantities of females of the two species. The influence of the factors on Lu. ayrozainumbers was more immediate than in those of Lu. geniculata. Numbers of both species and of the females of Lu. geniculata collected in different seasons, but not at the different heights, varied significantly. Differences between the behaviour of Lu. ayrozai in Morretes and in other regions could be attributed to environmental differences and/or to regional variations in the species, which could constitute species complexes. Hourly variations of collections were different in the species and seasons.
Key-words: Phlebotominae. Fauna. Seasonal variation. Psychodidae. Height influence. 
Lutzomyia

Resumo A fauna de flebotomíneos de uma reserva de floresta primária em Morretes (leste do Estado do Paraná) foi estudada, utilizando armadilhas luminosas tipo CDC, uma noite por mês, no nível do solo e da copa, entre abril de 1995 e março de 1996. Um total de 3.106 insetos foi coletado. Lu. ayrozai e Lu. geniculata foram predominantes, além de outras sete espécies. A temperatura média mensal, a pluviosidade e a temperatura na noite de coleta influenciaram significativamente as quantidades de Lu. ayrozai e os dois primeiros fatores influenciaram Lu. geniculata, além das quantidades de fêmeas coletadas de ambas as espécies. A influência do aumento dos fatores nas quantidades de Lu. ayrozai foi mais imediata que nas de Lu. geniculata. As quantidades coletadas de ambas as espécies e das fêmeas de Lu. geniculata nas estações, mas não nas alturas, foram significativamente diferentes. As diferenças entre os comportamentos de Lu. ayrozai em Morretes e em outras regiões poderiam ser atribuídas a diferenças ambientais e/ou a variações regionais na espécie, que poderia constituir um complexo de espécies. As variações horárias nas coletas foram diferentes nas espécies e estações.
Palavras-chaves: Phlebotominae. Fauna. Variação estacional. Psychodidae. Influência da altura. 
Lutzomyia.

 

 

The study of the seasonal variation in populations of phlebotomine sandflies is very important to understand their biology and possible epidemiological importance. Studies of this variation have been done7 11, and some of which have provided data on the risk of transmission of parasites to man26.

The numbers of insects collected at several heights above ground level can help identify to define their hosts and the transmission cycle of parasites, as shown by Williams46 47. The study of hourly variations in the activity of phlebotomine sandflies can be useful in clarifying their biology and determining their relationship to possible reservoirs of parasites and man biting. This variation has been studied in several regions23 38 43 45 46. Information on seasonal and hourly variation of sandfly activity is useful for control of transmission of parasites to man.

Human16 28 40 and canine29 infections by Leishmania Ross, 1903 have been detected in western Paraná. L. braziliensis Vianna, 1911 (L. for Leishmania, to distinguish from Lu. for Lutzomyia) was isolated from sentinel animals in the Ribeira River Valley, São Paulo18 21, and L. enrietti was isolated from rodents in this region32 and near Curitiba, Paraná44. Sand fly vectorial ecology was reviewed17 in the State of São Paulo, including the important endemic region in the Ribeira River Valley. Additionally, three authoctonous human cases of dermal leishmaniasis, one of them due to L. braziliensis Vianna, 1911, were observed at Piçarras, in eastern Santa Catarina State42, about 150 km south of Morretes. A preliminary study of this focus indicated a high prevalence of dermal leishmaniasis in the human population (M. Steindel- pers. commun.). The occurrence of leishmaniasis in Piçarras indicates the possibility of natural undetected transmission of Leishmania in the forested areas between the Ribeira Valley and Piçarras, which would justify studies on the phlebotomine fauna in this region.

The phlebotomine sandfly fauna of the western region of Paraná was previously studied4 10 12 13 19 43. However, except for the findings of Lu. shannoni and Lu. lanei at São José dos Pinhais35 and Lu. monticola Costa Lima, 1932 at Curitiba (both ca. 910 m a. s. l.)30, no information on the fauna of the eastern region of this state has been published.

During the present study, phlebotomine sandflies collected in Atlantic forest at Morretes, in the eastern, low-lying part of Paraná, were studied, in order to obtain information on seasonal abundance, hourly variation in the activity and the influence of height above ground level on the collections.

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Two CDC-like light traps37 were hung in a primary forest situated within IAPAR (Agronomic Institute of Paraná) reserve in the municipality of Morretes (25o 28’37” S 48o 50′ 04″ W, 10 m a. s. l.). They were separated by a horizontal distance of 5 m and were installed at heights of 1.5 and 7 m above ground level, designated respectively as ground and canopystations. Collections were made at 200 m from the border of the forest. The vegetation is that of a rain forest, in the transition between tropical and subtropical types 31. Collections were made from April 1995-March 1996. Due to the observations of better efficiency of light traps at new moon6 39, relative respectively to sandflies and Culicidae, collections were done in this phase of the lunar cycle.

Monthly temperature, precipitation and relative humidity data were obtained from the Meteorological System of Paraná (SIMEPAR), and the daily precipitation from IAPAR, at Morretes. A thermometer situated between the traps measured the temperature on each collection night.

The numbers of sandflies in each sample were transformed to the modified geometric mean (Williams mean- Mw)9, to prevent excessive influence of some large samples. ANOVA with two variables was used to check the possible influence of sampling height and seasonalities. The correlation between the numbers collected during each month and the climatic conditions was tested. The significance of r was tested by the t test, at the 1% and 5% significance levels24.

Light traps were utilised from 18.00-06.00. Collection chambers of traps were replaced at two hour intervals, the change being completed within 2-3 min. Sandflies were prepared for identification by NC method34.

 

RESULTS

The numbers of sandflies collected in the canopy and at ground level in each month are shown in Table 1, together with climatic data. Results indicate that the numbers of Lu. ayrozai (Barretto & Coutinho, 1940) collected appeared to show a correlation with monthly mean temperatures and rainfall, and to a lesser degree to the temperature on the night of the collection. The same relationship appeared also to occur in Lu. geniculata (Mangabeira, 1941), although there was a delay between their own rise and that observed in the collected quantities.

Statistical analysis of correlation between collections of Lu. ayrozai and Lu. geniculata and climatic conditions (Table 1) showed some significant results. Lu. ayrozai numbers were correlated to monthly temperature in the month of collection, rainfall and temperature in the night of collection, and female numbers only to the first and the last of the factors above. The total numbers and those of females of Lu. geniculata were correlated to monthly temperatures two and three months before collection and the last also to monthly rainfall three months before. These data confirm the aforementioned suspicion of the influence of temperature and rainfall in the preceding months in the numbers of Lu. geniculata collected.

Collections of both sexes and of females of Lu. ayrozai and Lu. geniculata from ground level and the canopy were correlated at a significance level of 0.1%. When insects from canopy and ground were analysed together, numbers of Lu. ayrozai were correlated to all the studied climatic conditions in the month; totals of Lu. geniculata were correlated to monthly rainfall three months before and numbers of females were correlated to monthly relative humidity and temperature of night collection three months before.

Table 2 shows the seasonal Mw for all species, combining samples of April, May and June for Autumn, and so on for the four seasons. No statistically significant correlation was found between the numbers of sandflies of any species and the temperature in any of the two-hour periods. The mean numbers collected in each period varied according to the season. Lu. ayrozai was collected during all the periods, but occurred most frequently around midnight. In contrast, Lu. geniculata was collected more frequently before midnight, and exclusively before this hour in winter and spring.

It was difficult to establish standards of variation for the less common species. Lu. fischeri was collected almost exclusively before midnight, generally after 20.00. However, it was collected in greater numbers between 18.00-20.00, in April. Lu. shannoni was collected only in April and May, most frequently after midnight. Lu. monticola and Lu. lanei showed similar patterns, and Lu. pascalei showed a more uniform distribution with respect to its diurnal activity and seasonal abundance.

 

DISCUSSION

The sandfly fauna of the area studied includes species previously found in São Paulo State, more northern areas and western Paraná. This is the first report of Lu. ayrozai and Lu. geniculata in Paraná.

The females of Lu. ayrozai and Lu. geniculata were redescribed15Lu. ayrozai and Lu. hirsuta were the commonest species collected in forested areas of Rio de Janeiro, on human bait6 and Lu. barrettoi (Mangabeira, 1942) and these in light traps6Lu. ayrozai was the commonest species collected by light traps in a forested area of southern São Paulo21and has been collected, together with Lu. geniculata, in five of the seven American dispersion centres defined by Martins & Morales-Farias36.

Lu. geniculata, considered to be either a synonym of Lu. guyanensis (Floch & Abonnenc, 1941)21 22 or a valid species50, is also common in the eastern region of São Paulo21 22 and several other parts of South and Central America27 47 48, but it has not yet been found in collections from the Municipality of Piçarras and the Island of Santa Catarina (CB Marcondes: unpublished data). Although Lu. geniculata was not found at Serra dos Órgãos (Teresópolis, ca. 850 m a. s. l.)2 3 6 7 and Itaguaí (ca. 35 m a. s. l.)5, it was collected at Parati (ca. 5 m a. s. l.), in an area similar to Itaguaí, although closer to the sea1. These Psychodopygus species therefore seem to have a patchy distribution in SE Brazil, including the possible replacement of Lu. hirsuta by Lu. geniculata at higher latitudes and lower elevations. Although some specimens of Lu. geniculata were collected biting man near houses at Parati1, it seems to be a typical primary forest species that occurs only near the sea. Lu. ayrozai is common in secondary forest at Florianópolis (Santa Catarina State), but Lu. geniculatawas not yet found in this state (CB Marcondes: unpublished results). This could indicate that the southern limit of distribution of the last species is somewhere between Morretes and Florianópolis or can be due to a poor adaptation to secondary forests. Lu. geniculata is an infrequent man-biter in Belize47 and it has been taken on human bait at Curiche and some other localities in Colombia49. No flagellates were found in 19 dissected females of Lu. geniculata from Belize48.

Several specimens of Lu. pascalei were collected at Morretes and this species was also very common in light trap collections made in southern São Paulo21Lu. barrettoi, a very similar species, was very common in light traps7 at Serra dos Órgãos (Rio de Janeiro) and was not collected by this method2 6 at Morretes and at São Paulo21.

The numbers of Lu. fischeri collected in the canopy and at the ground level did not significantly differ at Morretes, possibly because the distance between the two stations was too small. The numbers collected at Rio de Janeiro in the canopy appear to be greater than those collected at ground level, although these were not analysed statistically2. This species seems to be highly anthropophilic5 14.

Lu. neivai (Neiva, 1926) and Lu. intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912), may be predominant in forested regions, respectively, in São Paulo13 and Rio de Janeiro41 States. Lu. intermedia s. l. was found in forested areas of the Ribeira River Valley18 20 21 22 in southern São Paulo, a similar environment situated close to Morretes. No specimens of this species complex 33were collected at Morretes. This could be attributed to environmental characteristics or to the restriction of the present study to one area in the forest. Lu. neivai has been found only in houses and in the border of forested areas at Florianópolis, and some in patches of secondary forest at Piçarras (CB Marcondes: unpublished results).

The sandfly fauna in forested areas at Pariqüera Açu20 and Cananéia21, about 120km to the north-east of Morretes, was much more complex than that observed in Morretes. Possibly the study of other biotopes at Morretes will reveal the presence of other species.

During the present study, Lu. ayrozai was found at ground and canopy level, without significant differences in numbers between the two stations. Sandflies of this species are common man-biters in some forest environments2 6 21 38 and can be collected within and outside the forest in southern São Paulo,20 occasionally even near houses21. Insects of this species were collected exclusively at ground level at Rio de Janeiro6, almost exclusively at this level at Colombia38 and principally at this level at Southern São Paulo State 21. Due to its occurrence in both levels, it was considered to be acrodendrophilic21Lu. geniculata was collected only at ground level at Belize47, unlike the results of the Morretes study. The rarity of human infection by L. naiffi Lainson & Shaw, 1989 in the Amazon basin could be due to the low degree of anthropophily shown by Lu. ayrozai25, although many specimens of the species were collected on human bait in the Ribeira Valley21, constituting additional evidence of regional variation of the species.

The regional variations in the behaviour of Lu. ayrozai and Lu. geniculata could be due to unperceived environmental differences among the localities studied, but could also indicate that species complexes, rather than single species, are involved. The wide geographical distributions of these species, like those of Lu. shannoni (Dyar, 1929), Lu. whitmani (Antunes and Coutinho, 1939) and Lu. intermedia s. l., indicates the need for studies on their taxonomy and ecology. The possible importance of such conditions in the transmission of parasites should be studied by dissection for parasites and analysis of the parous rate of the insects. The highest months of biting activity for Lu. ayrozai near Manaus were different, according to the bait animals used8. This illustrates the influence of the collection method on the results and the need to use several methods to study the biology of sandflies.

Lu. ayrozai was mostly collected around midnight, the hourly variation in the biting activity being similar to that observed in forest in Rio de Janeiro7 and São Paulo21. The diel rhythm of some species can vary between different sites, as observed for Lu. trapidoi (Fairchild & Hertig, 1952) in two regions of Colombia38 45.

There are no precise data on man biting activity at Morretes, and the seasonal fluctuation in the female numbers could give indications of this activity.

The occurrence of Brumptomyia nitzulescui in the trap hung in the canopy is curious, since this species is probably associated with armadillos. Several specimens of this species also were collected under similar conditions in Florianópolis (CB Marcondes: unpublished data).

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To Dr E.A.B. Galati, of Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, for checking some specific identifications.

 

REFERENCES

1. Aguiar GM, Medeiros WM, Santos TG, Klein AD, Ferreira VA. Ecology of sandflies in a recent focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Paraty, littoral of Rio de Janeiro State (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 88:339-340, 1993.         [ Links ]

2. Aguiar GM, Schuback PD, Vilela ML, Azevedo ACR. Aspectos da ecologia dos flebótomos do Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro. II. Distribuição vertical (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 80:187-194, 1985.         [ Links ]

3. Aguiar GM, Vilela ML. Aspects of the ecology of sandflies at the Serra dos Órgãos National Park, State of Rio de Janeiro. VI. Shelters and breeding places (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 82:585-586, 1987.         [ Links ]

4. Aguiar GM, Vilela ML, Ferreira VA, Santos TG. Ecologia dos flebótomos em um recente foco ativo de leishmaniose tegumentar no norte do Estado do Paraná (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84(supl. IV):7-8, 1989.         [ Links ]

5. Aguiar GM, Vilela ML, Lima RB. Ecology of the sandflies of Itaguaí, an area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Food preferences (Diptera, Psychodidae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 82:583-584, 1987.        [ Links ]

6. Aguiar GM, Vilela ML, Schuback PA, Soucasaux T, Azevedo ACR. Aspectos da ecologia dos flebótomos do Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro. III-Freqüência horária (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 80:339-348, 1985.         [ Links ]

7. Aguiar GM, Vilela ML, Schuback PA, Soucasaux T, Azevedo ACR. Aspectos da ecologia dos flebótomos do Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro. IV. Frequência mensal em armadilhas luminosas (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 80:465-482, 1985.         [ Links ]

8. Arias JR, Freitas RA. Flebótomos da Amazônia Central do Brasil. I. Resultados obtidos das capturas feitas com iscas humana e equina (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Amazonica 7:507-527, 1977.         [ Links ]

9. Bidlingmayer WL. The use of logarithms in analyzing trap collections. Mosquito News 29:635-640, 1969.        [ Links ]

10. Cat I, Luz E, Borba AM, Cassilha A, Costa PB, Martins FL. Leishmaniose visceral autóctone no oeste paranense. Anais da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Paraná 16/17:27-35, 1974.         [ Links ]

11. Chaniotis BN, Correa MA, Tesh RB, Johnson KM. Daily and seasonal man-biting activity of phlebotomine sandflies in Panama. Journal of Medical Entomology 8:415-420, 1971.         [ Links ]

12. Consolim J, Luz E, Torres PB. Flebótomos da área de prevalência do Reservatório da Hidroelétrica de Itaipu, Estado do Paraná, Brazil (Diptera:Psychodidae). Cadernos de Saúde Pública 6:86-89, 1990.         [ Links ]

13. Forattini OP. Algumas observações sobre a biologia de flebótomos (Diptera: Psychodidae) em região da bacia do rio Paraná (Brasil). Arquivos da Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública 8:15-176, 1954.         [ Links ]

14. Forattini OP. Entomologia médica; Psychodidae; Phlebotominae; leishmanioses; bartoneloses. Editora Edgar Blucher/Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 4º volume, 1973.         [ Links ]

15. Forattini OP, Galati EAB. Description of the female of Psychodopygus ayrozai (Barretto and Coutinho) (Diptera:Phlebotominae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79:25-27, 1977.         [ Links ]

16. Forattini OP, Santos MR. Nota sobre infecção natural de Phlebotomus intermedius Lutz e Neiva, 1912, por forma em leptomonas, em um foco de leishmaniose tegumentar americana. Arquivos da Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública 17:171-174, 1952.         [ Links ]

17. Gomes AC. Sand fly vectorial ecology in the State of São Paulo. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 89:457-460, 1994.         [ Links ]

18. Gomes AC, Coutinho SG, Paim GV, Oliveira SMO, Galati EAB, Nunes MP, Capinzaiki AN, Yamamoto YI, Rotter P. Aspectos ecológicos da leishmaniose tegumentar americana. 8. Avaliação da atividade enzoótica da Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis em ambiente florestal e peridomiciliar, região do Vale do Ribeira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 32:105-115, 1990.         [ Links ]

19. Gomes AC, Galati EAB. Flebotomíneos de Londrina, Paraná (Brasil) e observações ecológicas sobre algumas espécies. Revista de Saúde Pública 11:284-287, 1977.         [ Links ]

20. Gomes AC, Galati EAB. Aspectos ecológicos da leishmaniose tegumentar americana. 5. Estratificação da atividade espacial e estacional de Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae) em áreas de cultura agrícola da região do Vale do Ribeira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 82:467-473, 1987.         [ Links ]

21. Gomes AC, Galati EAB. Aspectos ecológicos da leishmaniose tegumentar americana. 7- Capacidade vetorial flebotomínea em ambiente florestal primário do sistema da Serra do Mar, região do Vale do Ribeira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Revista de Saúde Pública 23:136-142, 1989.         [ Links ]

22. Gomes AC, Galati EAB, Classer CM. Nota sobre encontro de Phlebotominae (Diptera:Psychodidae) no litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Revista de Saúde Pública 24:319-320, 1990.         [ Links ]

23. Gomes AC, Ottati SM, Shaw JJ, Lainson R, Yamamoto YI. Active transmission of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensisin the Serra do Mar forest, São Paulo, Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83:193, 1989.         [ Links ]

24. Gomes FP. Curso de estatística experimental. Livraria Nobel, São Paulo, 1982.         [ Links ]

25. Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Silveira FT, Souza AAA, Braga RR, Ishikawa EAY. The dermal leishmaniases of Brazil, with special reference to the eco-epidemiology of the disease in Amazonia. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 89:435-443, 1994.         [ Links ]

26. Le Pont F. La leishmaniose en Guyane française. 2. Flutuations saisonnières d’abondance et du taux d’infection naturelle de Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) umbratilis Ward et Frahia, 1977. Cahiers ORSTOM série Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie 20:269-277, 1982.         [ Links ]

27. Le Pont F, Desjeux P, Torres-Espejo JM, Fournet A, Mouchet J. Leishmanioses et phlébotomes en Bolivie. Office de la Recherche Scientifique de Outremer Editions, Paris, 1992.         [ Links ]

28. Lima EC, Luz E, Souza LA. Leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Município de Foz do Iguaçu. Revista Médica do Paraná 27:53-58, 1958.         [ Links ]

29. Lonardoni MVC, Teodoro U, Arraes SMAA, Silveira TGV, Bertolini DA, Ishikawa EAY, Shaw JJ. Nota sobre leishmaniose canina no noroeste do Estado do Paraná, sul do Brasil. Revista de Saúde Pública 27:378279, 1993.        [ Links ]

30. Luz E, Giovannoni M, Borba AM. Infecção de Lutzomyia monticola por Leishmania enrietti. Anais da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Paraná 9/10:121-128, 1966/7.         [ Links ]

31. Maack R. Geografia Física do Estado do Paraná. Editora José Olympio, Rio de Janeiro, 1981.         [ Links ]

32. Machado MI, Milder RV, Pacheco RS, Silva M, Braga RR, Lainson R. Naturally acquired infection with Leishmania enrietti Muniz and Medina, 1948 in guinea-pigs from São Paulo, Brazil. Parasitology 109:135-138, 1994.         [ Links ]

33. Marcondes CB. A redescription of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912), and resurrection of L. neivai (Pinto, 1926) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 91:457-462, 1996.        [ Links ]

34. Marcondes CB. An improved technique for the dissection of female genitalia of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera:Psychodidae), with an improvement in the handling of insects. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 93:109, 1997.        [ Links ]

35. Martins AV, Godoy Jr TL, Silva, JE. Nota sobre os flebotomíneos dos estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina, com a redescrição da “Lutzomyia gaminarai” (Cordero, Vogelsang & Cassio, 1928) (Diptera, Psychodidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 21:309-316, 1961.         [ Links ]

36. Martins AV, Morales-Farias EN. Sobre a distribuição geográfica dos flebotomíneos americanos (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 32:361-371, 1972.         [ Links ]

37. Natal D, Marucci D, Reis IM, Galati EAB. Sand flies collecting trials with a modified CDC trap (Diptera:Psychodidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 35:697-700, 1991.         [ Links ]

38. Porter CH, DeFoliart GR. The man-biting activity of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera:Psychodidae) in a tropical wet forest environment in Colombia. Arquivos de Zoologia 30:85-158, 1981.         [ Links ]

39. Provost MW. The influence of moonlight on light-trap catches of mosquitoes. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 52:261-271, 1959.         [ Links ]

40. Silveira TGV, Teodoro U, Lonardoni MVC, Guilherme ALF, Toledo MJO, Ramos M, Arraes SMAA, Bertolini DA, Spinosa RP, Barbosa OC. Aspectos epidemiológicos da leishmaniose tegumentar em área endêmica do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Revista de Saúde Pública 12:37-45, 1996.         [ Links ]

41. Souza MB, Marzochi MCA, Conceição NF. Estudo preliminar da fauna flebotomínica da Ilha do Araujo, Município de Paraty, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 24(supl.):106, 1991.        [ Links ]

42. Steindel M, Lima JH, Marcondes CB, Luz AC, Mandrich IE, Grisard EC. Autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis in the Municipality of Piçarras, north-eastern region of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 93(supl.):121, 1998.         [ Links ]

43. Teodoro U, Lasalvia Jr. V, Lima EM, Misuta NM, Vergignassi TG, Ferreira MEMC. Leishmaniose cutânea americana:Flebotomíneos de área de transmissão no norte do Paraná, Brasil. Revista de Saúde Pública 25:129-133, 1991.         [ Links ]

44. Thomaz-Soccol V, Pratlong F, Langue R, Castro E, Luz E, Dedet JP. New isolation of Leishmania enrietti Muniz and Medina, 1948 in Parana State Brazil, 50 years after the first description, and isoenzymatic polymorphism of the L. enriettitaxon. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 90:491-495, 1996.         [ Links ]

45. Travi BL, Montoya J, Solarte Y, Lozano L, Jaramillo C. Leishmaniasis in Colombia. I. Studies on the phlebotomine fauna associated with endemic foci on the Pacific Coast region. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 39:261-266, 1988.         [ Links ]

46. Williams P. The biting rhythms of some anthropophilic phlebotomine sandflies in British Honduras. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 60:357-364, 1966.         [ Links ]

47. Williams P. On the vertical distribution of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in British Honduras (Belize). Bulletin of Entomological Research 59:637-646, 1970.         [ Links ]

48. Williams P. Phlebotomine sandflies and leishmaniasis in British Honduras (Belize). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 64:317-368, 1970.         [ Links ]

49. Young DG. A review of the blood sucking psychodid flies of Colombia (Diptera: Phlebotominae and Sycoracinae). University of Florida, Agricultural and Experimental Station, Gainesville, Bulletin 806, 1979.         [ Links ]

50. Young DG, Duncan MA. Guide to the identification and geographic distribution of Lutzomyia sand flies in Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera:Psychodidae). Memoirs American Entomological Institute, Associated Publishers, Gainesville, Publ. no 54, 1994.         [ Links ]