Galactomannan (GM) is a hydrosoluble polysaccharide derived from the fungal cell wall. Accordingly, GM detection plays an important role in the diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases, particularly invasive aspergillosis, since Aspergillus species produce large amounts of this antigen1,2. One of the main limitations of GM testing, however, is the frequent occurrence of false-positive results (up to 10%), mostly due to the use of antibiotics from fungal origin, mucositis, and dialysis, in addition to cross-reaction with other fungal infections3–5.
Platelia® Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay (EIA) GM assay is highly sensitive (limit of detection in serum of 0.5ng/mL)6,7. However, when considering that the air quality of indoor facilities, which may contain dozens to hundreds of Aspergillus conidia per square meter8, we wonder whether environmental contamination could be an additional source of false-positive results in the GM test. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether low-concentration contamination with Aspergillus fumigatus conidia could result in positive GM readings in the Platelia® Aspergillus EIA assay.
Twelve A. fumigatus isolates from the Mycology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG, Brazil) were used in the study. Isolates were obtained from patients with invasive aspergillosis (n = 3) and Magellanic penguins (n = 3). In addition, environmental isolates (n = 3) and reference Aspergillusstrains were obtained (AF10, AF71 and AF13073, kindly provided by Prof. David W. Denning, National Aspergillosis Centre, UK).
To obtain young colonies, subcultures of the isolates were carried out in potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C for 48 hours. Sterile saline solution (0.85%) supplemented with 200μL of Tween 80 were added to the cultures, and a scraping of the surface of the colonies was carried out to obtain the solution of fungal propagules. After 30 min, the suspension was filtered using a sterile double layer of gauze to retain the higher particles, ensuring that only conidia remained. Conidia suspensions were adjusted to 80-82% transmittance (absorbance of 0.09-0.11) by spectrophotometry (700S FEMTO®) at 530nm. Subsequently, a 1:50 dilution in sterile saline solution was performed according to the protocol described by the Clinical & Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI)9. The amount of conidia in each inoculum was determined by the Pour Plate technique, in which results were expressed in colony forming units/mL (CFU/mL).
Three serial dilutions (1:10) of the standardized inoculum were tested for GM using a commercial kit (Platelia® Aspergillus EIA, according to the manufacturer’s instructions). Positive, negative, and cut-off controls were incorporated into each assay. GM results were expressed as optical densities (ODs), and samples were considered positive if the GM index was > 0.5. All experiments were performed in duplicate. Data were compiled, and statistical analysis (descriptive analyses and Kruskal-Wallis) was performed using the SPSS® 20.0 program.
Table 1 shows the inoculum standardization in solution, ranging from 1.6 × 106 to 6.7 × 107 CFU/mL. Considering the volume of inoculum used in each well (300μL) for the test, these concentrations were calculated to determine the conidia amount in each tested well by multiplying by 0.3 and the corresponding dilution (10-1 to 10-3). Therefore, the median conidia concentration required to generate a positive result in the Platelia® Aspergillus EIA test was determined as 4.8 × 103, ranging from 4.8 × 10² to 2 × 106. The amount of conidia required for positive GM readings did not correlate with the origin of the isolates (kw = 0.082), with medians of 3.6 × 103 (humans), 6 × 103 (penguins), 1.2 × 103 (environmental) and 5.4 × 104 (reference strains). GM indices for those isolates showed minimal conidia concentrations, ranging from 0.519 in an environmental strain (concentration = 1.2 × 103) to 3.57 in a penguin aspergillosis strain (concentration = 1.2 × 106) (Figure 1).
TABLE 1: Results of the inoculum standardization following the CLSI protocol for 12 Aspergillus fumigatus isolates used in this study.
| Strain | Origin | Inoculum (CFU/mL) |
|---|---|---|
| AF13013 | Reference strain | 6.7 × 107 |
| AF71 | Reference strain | 1.8 × 107 |
| AF10 | Reference strain | 2.8 × 106 |
| M1270 | Human aspergillosis | 1.2 × 107 |
| M1437 | Human aspergillosis | 2.6 × 106 |
| M1834 | Human aspergillosis | 3.1 × 107 |
| C33 | Penguin aspergillosis | 1.1 × 107 |
| C90 | Penguin aspergillosis | 2.0 × 106 |
| C272 | Penguin aspergillosis | 4.1 × 107 |
| PL2 | Environmental isolate | 2.0 × 106 |
| PL3 | Environmental isolate | 9.0 × 106 |
| PL63 | Environmental isolate | 1.6 × 106 |
CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute; CFU: colony forming unit.
FIGURE 1: GM index at the lowest Aspergillus fumigatus conidial concentration, which causes positive results in the Platelia® Aspergillus EIA (n = 12). S: standard strains; P: strains from penguin aspergillosis; H: strains from human aspergillosis; E: environmental strains; GM: galactomannan; EIA: enzyme immunoassay.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to experimentally determine the required amount of A. fumigatus conidia to produce a positive test result in a GM reaction. We demonstrated that at least 500 conidia (4.8 × 102 to 2 × 106) of A. fumigatus are necessary to generate a positive result in the test (GM index above 0.5). Therefore, false-positive GM results due to this factor would require massive environmental contamination, which is not likely to occur in most clinical laboratories10.
We observed a wide variation in the amount of conidia required for a positive GM test result. Since Aspergillushyphae release far more GM than Aspergillus conidia, strain-related differences in germination could explain these findings11,12. Differences in GM release have already been described between and within Aspergillusspecies, including in the same strains of A. fumigatus used in our study13,14.
Data found in our study contribute to the interpretation of Platelia® Aspergillus EIA results, demonstrating that the risk of a GM false-positive test result due to environmental contamination is low when performed following basic laboratory safety standards. Data of our study refer only to contamination by Aspergillus conidia, which is a limitation as other anemophily fungi (such as Penicillium and Fusarium) can also produce GM15 and were not tested in this context. Further studies are required to confirm or discharge the interference of other microorganisms in the Platelia® Aspergillus EIA.
