Carina Guilhon SequeiraI,II; Bruna Pedroso Tamegão-LopesIII; Eduardo José Melo dos SantosIV; Ana Maria Revoredo VenturaI,II; Maria Isabel Moraes-PintoIV; Regina Célia de Menezes SucciIV
ISetor de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA IIDepartamento de Saúde Integrada, Universidade Estadual do Pará, Belém, PA IIIInstituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA IVDepartamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, studies have shown that HTLV seroprevalence among pregnant women varies from 0 to 1.8%. However, this seroprevalence was unknown in the State of Pará, Brazil. The present study describes, for the first time, the HTLV seroprevalence among pregnant women from the State of Pará, Northern Brazil.
METHODS: 13,382 pregnant women were submitted to HTLV screening during prenatal care, and those with non-seronegative results to anti-HTLV were submitted to Western blot (WB) test to confirm and separate HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 carriers.
RESULTS: HTLV seroprevalence in the population of pregnant women was 0.3%, and HTLV-1 was identified in 95.3% of patients. The demographic profile of HTLV carriers was as follows: women with age between 20 and 40 years old (78.4%); residing in the metropolitan region of Belém, Pará (67.6%); and with educational level of high school (56.8%). Other variables related to infection were as follows: beginning of sexual intercourse between the age of 12 and 18 years old (64.9%) and have being breastfed for more than 6 months (51.4%). Most of the women studied had at least two previous pregnancies (35.1%) and no abortion (70.3%). Coinfections (syphilis and HIV) were found in 10.8% (4/37) of these pregnant women.
CONCLUSIONS: Seroprevalence of HTLV infection in pregnant women assisted in basic health units from the State of Pará, Northern Brazil, was 0.3% similar to those described in other Brazilian studies. The variables related to infection were important indicators in identifying pregnant women with a higher tendency to HTLV seropositivity, being a strategy for disease control and prevention, avoiding vertical transmission.
Keywords: HTLV. Pregnant women. Seroprevalence.
RESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: No Brasil, estudos mostram que a soroprevalência do HTLV entre gestantes varia de 0 a 1,8%. Contudo, esta soroprevalência era desconhecida no Estado do Pará, Brasil. O presente estudo descreve, pela primeira vez, a soroprevalência do HTLV entre gestantes do Estado do Pará, Norte do Brasil.
MÉTODOS: 13,382 gestantes foram submetidas à triagem para HTLV durante o pré-natal, e aquelas com sorologia alterada para anti-HTLV foram submetidas ao teste de Western Blot (WB), para confirmar e discriminar portadoras do HTLV-1 e do HTLV-2.
RESULTADOS: A soroprevalência do HTLV na população de gestantes foi de 0,3%, sendo o HTLV-1 identificado em 95,3% das pacientes. O perfil demográfico das portadoras do HTLV foi de: mulheres com idade entre 20-40 anos (78,4%); residentes na região metropolitana de Belém (67,6%) e com nível educacional igual ao ensino médio (56,8%). Outras variáveis relacionadas à infecção foram: início das relações sexuais compreendido entre 12-18 anos (64,9%), e ter sido aleitada mais de 6 meses (51,4%). A maior parte das mulheres estudadas teve ao menos duas gestações anteriores (35,1%); e nenhum aborto (70,3%). Co-infecções (sífilis e HIV) foram descritas em 10,8% (4/37) das gestantes. A soroprevalência da infecção pelo HTLV em gestantes atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde do Estado do Pará, Norte do Brasil foi de 0,3% semelhante à descrita em outros estudos brasileiros. As variáveis relacionadas com a infecção são indicadores importantes na identificação de gestantes com maior tendência a soropositividade pelo HTLV, sendo uma estratégia de controle e prevenção, evitando a transmissão vertical.
Palavras-chaves: HTLV. Gestantes. Soroprevalência.
INTRODUCTION
Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) are human retroviruses with tropism for T-lymphocytes1. These HTLV types were described in the 1980s2, and in 2005, two other types have been described, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4, which are currently being investigated for molecular characterization and for a possible association with human disease3,4. The exact number of HTLV-1-seropositive individuals in the world is not known; it is estimated that approximately 15-20 million people live with HTLV infection worldwide5. The seroprevalence rates differ according to the geographic area, socio-demographic composition of the population studied, and individual risk behaviors6 associated with the dissemination of blood (injected drug use and blood transfusion) and other biological fluids exchanged during sexual relations (maleto-female and female-to-male), as well as vertical (mother-to-child) transmission7. Mother-to-child transmission occurs in 20% of offspring from an infected mother, and it has been related to the mother’s proviral load, high antibody titers, and prolonged breastfeeding8,9. Postnatal infection by breastfeeding via human milk seems to play the most important role in vertical transmission10, and it may occur by means of breastfeeding by wet nurses or cross-breastfeeding (horizontal transmission)11. Few studies about vertical transmission were done, as well as the follow-up of exposed children during pregnancy, birth, and breastfeeding12-14.
Seroprevalence of HTLV infection was well described in the blood donors’ population and less documented in pregnant women population7,15,16. Brazilian studies reporting the seroprevalence of HTLV infection in pregnant women population described rates ranging from 0 to 1.8%17-22. In the State of Pará, seroprevalence of HTLV infection in pregnant women was unknown. Interventions to prevent vertical transmission and HTLV-related diseases include prenatal/neonatal screening in geographic areas with high prevalence, and encouraging seropositive mothers to provide a milk formula rather than breast milk for their infants23,24, as approximately 1-5% of children infected through vertical transmission will develop ATL (adult T-cell leukemia)6. The aim of the present study was to describe HTLV seroprevalence and associated risk factors in pregnant women assisted in basic health units from Pará, Northern Brazil and to verify the presence of coinfection with Treponema pallidum (syphilis) and HIV.
METHODS
Study design and patients’ selection criteria
The study was conducted from February to November of 2008 through the program denominated Mother to Child, from the State Secretary of Public Health, whose main objective was to implement improvements in prenatal assistance in the region. During the mentioned period, 19 distinct municipalities joined the program, and 13,382 pregnant women were interviewed during the prenatal care consultations performed in health care units. Serological tests for infectious agents, such as syphilis, HIV-1 and HIV-2, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, toxoplasmosis, and rubella, were made. Serological screening was performed by finger prick, and blood samples were collected through the dried blood spot (DBS) method.
Only pregnant women with an anti-HTLV reagent test (Murex HTLV-I+II, Dartford, England) were included in this study. The samples, which tested reactive in the screening test, were confirmed through Western blot (WB) test (HTLV-I/II, Gene Labs Diagnostics®).
Variables, such as age, local of residence, sexual behavior (number of sexual partners, age of first sexual intercourse), intravenous drug use, obstetric history (number of pregnancies, number of abortions), history of receiving blood transfusion, breastfeeding, syphilis, and HIV coinfections, were used to describe the epidemiological profile associated with HTLV infection. This information was obtained from a data bank from APAE/IDIPE (Association of Parents and Friends of Exceptional/Institute of Diagnostic, Research and Teaching).
Ethical considerations
The present study was approved by the ethics committee of Pará State University (UEPA).
RESULTS
From the 13,382 pregnant women initially involved in this study, 43 (0.3%) had an anti-HTLV reagent test result in the serological screening. This population represented the 10.7% of pregnant women who attended the public prenatal programs in the State of Pará, Brazil, in 2008.
WB test was used to confirm HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection: 41 (95.3%) women were considered as HTLV positive (positive WB test); 39 (95.1%) pregnant women were positive to HTLV-1 and one (2.4%) to HTLV-2, and one had an indeterminate result in WB (2.4%). Among those 41 HTLV-carriers, 37 (90.2%) women had the epidemiological profile available related with HTLV infection. All those women were asymptomatic.
Demographic data revealed that the HTLV pregnant women detected in this study have ages ranging from 20 to 40 years old (mean age: 27.8±7.6 years old; 78.4%); educational level of high school (56.8%); and residing in the metropolitan region of Belém, the capital of the State of Pará (67.6%) (Table 1). Other variables more frequently detected with HTLV infection were the beginning of sexual intercourse between the age of 12 and 18 years old (64.9%) and being breastfed for more than 6 months (51.4%) (Table 2). Other variables, such as the use of intravenous drugs (2.7%), number of sexual partners (less than 3 partners; 29.7%), blood transfusion (8.1%), and coinfection (11%), were irrelevant to HTLV infection in this population of pregnant women. The distribution of pregnancies and abortions revealed that most part of the studied women had at least two previous pregnancies (35.1%) and no abortion (70.3%). Coinfection analysis revealed that from the 37 HTLV carriers with epidemiological data, three had a syphilis reagent test (8.1%), and one had an HIV reagent test (2.7%).
DISCUSSION
This is the first prevalence study of HTLV infection in the population of pregnant women from public prenatal programs in the State of Pará, Brazil. Our results indicated a seroprevalence of 0.3% of HTLV infection. This seroprevalence was lower than those reported by Bittencourt and colleagues25 and Lima and Viana26, but higher than those reported by other authors18,22,27-31.
The mean age observed among HTLV-positive pregnant women was similar to those described by other authors25,30. Onset of sexual activity between the age of 12 and 18 years old was a variable reported by a significant number of pregnant women (64.9%) with HTLV infection in this study. It was well-defined that male-to-female HTLV transmission occurs more frequently than female-to-male transmission32,33. When this biological factor is associated with a long time of sexual life, and/or multiple numbers of sexual partners, and/or non-use of condoms during sexual intercourse, the HTLV infection through sexual transmission seems to be more efficient.
Another variable related to HTLV infection was breastfeeding for more than 6 months. Studies have reported HTLV infection in mother’s milk-fed infants several years after birth34, depending on the duration of feeding35,36. It is usually considered as a risk factor for HTLV infection with an exposure period higher than 6 months, which denominates the long-term breast-feeder. It represents a greater risk for acquiring HTLV infection, showing the necessity of the serological screening for HTLV infection among pregnant women during prenatal follow-up18.
Although the study design does not permit to clarify which was real via HTLV transmission in this population and the researchers were not able to exclude other routes of contamination, it has been shown that some variables were more related to HTLV infection in this population of pregnant women from Northern Brazil.
The HTLV-carrier women involved in this study were orientated about the possibility of HTLV vertical transmission. They were advised to avoid breastfeeding, and all of them received milk formula to feed their children. It is important to note that no one of these women knew about their infectious status. In parallel, the children who were born to these women were followed-up to investigate a possible vertical transmission.
Moreover, it is necessary to emphasize that this population represented only 10.7% of the pregnant women who attended the public prenatal care programs in the State of Pará, Brazil, in 2008. Therefore, it is expected that the absolute number of HTLV pregnant carriers is higher, thus, reinforcing the importance of identifying pregnant women with HTLV infection as a strategy to develop public health politics to control the disease and prevent its vertical transmission.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To researchers, collaborators, and patients who had collaborated to the present study.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
This work was supported by The Secretary of Public Health of Pará State; Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE) Belém, Pará, no. 01/2008; State University of Pará (03461/07); Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Pará, Brazil, and FAPESPA (Brazilian funding; nº 030/2007). C.G.S is supported by CAPES (Brazilian Funding Agency; nº 4529/05; Post-graduation in Science Medical)/B.P.T.L is supported by CAPES (Brazilian Funding Agency; Post-graduation in Biology of Infectious and Parasitological Agents; PhD fellowship).
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Address to:
Dra. Carina Guilhon Sequeira
CCBS/Universidade do Estado do Pará
Travessa Perebebuí 2623, Marco
66050-662 Belém, PA, Brasil
Phone: 55 91 3276-2023
e-mail: carina.gs@ig.com.br
Received in 16/08/2011
Accepted in 11/10/2011
