Eduardo Alexandre LothI; Solange Venturini de CastroII; Joseane Rodrigues da SilvaI; Rinaldo Ferreira GandraIII
IDepartamento de Fisioterapia, Laboratório Experimental, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR IIDepartamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica de Foz do Iguaçu, Foz do Iguaçu, PR IIIDepartamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, Hospital Universitário do Oeste do Paraná, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The study investigated the incidence of disease and death events among patients with paracoccidioidomycosis who were residents in the Itaipu Lake region from 2008 to 2009.
METHODS: A review of patient records was conducted at the Department of Tuberculosis of the Epidemiology Center of the City of Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná.
RESULTS: The results identified 102 new cases of paracoccidioidomycosis in the period described, 72 men and 30 women, and 15 deaths were recorded during the study.
CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the Itaipu Lake region is an endemic region.
Keywords: Paracoccidioidomycosis. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Itaipu Lake.
RESUMO
INTRODUÇÃO: O estudo investigou a incidência da doença e eventos de morte entre os portadores de paracoccidiodomicose residentes na região do Lago de Itaipu, no período de 2008 a 2009.
MÉTODOS: Foi realizado levantamento em registros de pacientes do Setor de Tuberculose do Centro de Epidemiologia da Cidade de Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, entre o período de janeiro de 2008 e julho de 2009.
RESULTADOS: Os resultados apontam 102 novos casos de paracoccidiodomicose, 72 homens e 30 mulheres, foram registrados 15 óbitos durante o estudo.
CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que a região do Lago de Itaipu é uma região endêmica.
Palavras-chaves: Paracoccidioidomicose. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Lago de Itaipu.
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, is considered the most important fungal infection in Latin America and 80% of cases of the disease occur in Brazil1.
In 2001, estimates showed that throughout South America, around 10 million people were infected2. Most cases of PCM occur in males of working age. The organs most often affected by PCM are the lungs3.
Infection occurs primarily through accidental inhalation of the pathogen by the host, which primarily infects the lungs and may spread throughout the body, causing damage to internal organs and mucocutaneous lesions4. This mycosis is characterized as highly relevant to public health, its clinical manifestations result in irreversible physical disabilities that incapacitate the individual, usually in their most productive years5.
The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of PCM in residents of the Itaipu Lake region from 2008 to 2009.
After approval by the Research Ethics Committee of the State University of Western Paraná(UNIOESTE), the study was conducted at the Tuberculosis Division of the Epidemiological Surveillance Center in Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, which receives public healthcare patients from the Itaipu Lake microregion, including residents of Paraguay and Argentina. Biweekly, information regarding the number of cases, sex, age, housing, disease history and outcomes of the cases were investigated in patient records.
Data analysis was performed using EpiInfo software in Windows 2000® platform, using simple descriptive statistics to calculate the index of relative risk of death event between sexes of the sample and their death rates per inhabitants of Itaipu Lake population region6.
The results showed 102 new cases of PCM in the period studied. Of these, 29.4% (30/102) were women and 70.6% (72/102) were men. The males showed a proportion of 2.4:1 in relation to women. The mean age presented by the study sample was 49.1 ± 15.5 years-old, the minimum and maximum age identified was 18 and 81 years-old, respectively. Observation verified that the most affected age group was between 30 and 49 years-old, with 53% (54/102) of the total sample, followed by the age group over 50 years-old and below 30 years-old, 38.2% (39/102) and 8.8% (9/102), respectively.
Observation confirmed that 52% (53/102) of the records reported pathologies associated with PCM and tuberculosis was the most frequently associated pathology, affecting 28.4% (29/102) of the sample. Outcomes of cases showed that 14.7% (15/102) of the patients died, 22.5% (23/102) were discharged from outpatient care, 12.7% (13/102) discontinued treatment and the remaining cases were in treatment. Women showed a lower relative risk (RR = 6.5) to evolve to an outcome of death in relation to the men. The mean age determined among patients who died was 54 ± 13.8 years-old, with minimum and maximum ages of 28 and 77 years-old, respectively (Table 1).
Place of residence was more frequently registered in the urban area, 52.9% (54/102), 11.8% (12/102) were resident in rural areas and in 35.3% (36/102) of the medical record, no information was recorded.
Regarding the clinical forms, 91.1% (93/102) of the sample cases presented the chronic form of the disease, while 8.8% (9/102) of cases presented the acute form. Among those who died, only one did not have the chronic form of the disease. The standard treatment for PCM adopted in the Tuberculosis Division of the Epidemiological Surveillance of Foz do Iguaçu is heterogeneous, involving drugs commonly used and reported in the literature.
In this study, about 50 new diagnosed cases of the disease were identified in 2008 alone. In the northwestern region of the State of Paraná, 45 cases of PCM were reported over a 10-year period between 1996 and 20067. In the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, 422 cases (22.2 cases/year) of the disease were reported between 1980 and 19998. The high number of new cases per year in this study is due to the fact that mycological examination of sputum for PCM is part of the routine for all the patients attending the Tuberculosis Division of the Epidemiological Surveillance of Foz do Iguaçu.
Many studies indicate that the proportion of PCM between the sexes is significantly higher among men, with ratios of 14:17, 10:18 and 27.3:19 reported in the literature. In the present study, a ratio of 2.4:1 was determined, which suggests that women have begun to assume behavior that exposes them to the fungus, such as tobacco use, alcohol and other drugs, and are engaging in activities previously performed by men.
PCM mostly affects men of productive age, between 30 and 59 years-old5,10,11. Similarly, observation verified that the age group 30 to 59 years-old showed high prevalence in this study.
These findings indicate that most patients in the study lived in urban areas. These data are known to differ with the postulates discussed in the literature5,10. News reports indicate the emergence of new epidemiological characteristics for P. brasiliensis12.
It should be noted that the authors of this study do not rule out the possibility that part of the sample simulated residence in urban areas of the City of Foz do Iguaçu, hiding their true origin as foreign nationals, believing that this ensures treatment. However, research conducted in Brazil indicates that such patients frequently migrate between Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, simulating residence in Brazil to obtain healthcare more easily; this masks an important problem in this border region and highlights the pressing need for an epidemiological survey conducted jointly between these countries.
In this study, 52% of the patients presented diseases concomitant with PCM and of these, 28.5% presented tuberculous. The large number of tuberculosis cases in this study is due to the fact that sampling was performed in an epidemiological center that receives patients with the disease, attending the public healthcare of this region. However, the possibility of an association between these two diseases, aside from similarities in clinical outcome, cannot be discounted.
For events of deaths among the patients in the sample, a coefficient of 10 deaths per million inhabitants in one year was determined. In the State of São Paulo, from 1985 to 2005, lower rates of mortality of 2.28 deaths per 1 million inhabitants were reported1. In the State of Paraná, from 1980 to 1998, an annual mortality rate of 3.48 deaths per million inhabitants was determined, which meant the state was first in PCM mortality in Brazil13.
Regarding the patients that died in this study, 46.6% showed some disease concomitant with PCM and tuberculosis the most prevalent, a factor that could be associated with the high rate of deaths observed. These results corroborate other studies that reported the association of TB with PCM1,14.
The data indicate that the microregion bordering the Itaipu Lake is an endemic area for PCM and shows high rates of mortality among these patients.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there are no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
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Address to:
Dr. Eduardo Alexandre Loth
Deptº Fisioterapita/Lab Experimental/UNOESTE
Caixa Postal 701, Rua Universitária 1.619, Jardim Universitário
85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brasil
Phone: 55 45 3220-3000
e-mail: alexandreloth@hotmail.com
Received in 03/08/2010
Accepted in 17/11/2010
